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Med 1011 > Week 11 Sem 1 2014 > Flashcards

Week 11 Sem 1 2014 Flashcards

0
Q

Apicomplexa = parasitic protists

A

Characterised by specialised organelles (rhoptry,micronemes,apicoplast

Alot of diseases caused by apicomplexan organisms eg toxoplasmosis
Malaria

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1
Q

Parasitic diseases

A

Caused by

Helminths (metazoans)

Protozoans

Ectoparasites

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2
Q

Parasites

A

All r EUKARYOTES (not archaea/ bac)

Parasite= broadly: organism that lives upon/within another at the expense of the host

Parasitic disease due to= helminths
Protozoans
Ectoparasites

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3
Q

Helminths (worms)

A

Nematodes
Platyhelminths: cestodes n trematodes

There is a worm that can attack for every organ

Life cycle :
Direct (go out n then go in eg via faecal-oral/skin penetration) vs indirect (need intermediate host)

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4
Q

Filarisis /filariasis

A

Parasitic disease caused by round worms( nematodes)

Can b lymphatic filarisis (=elephantitis)
Or subcutaneous filarisis

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5
Q

Protzoa

A

Single celled eukaryotes

Can infect in MANY places in body eg blood (malaria), intestine (giardia), skin (leishmania)

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7
Q

Kinetoplastid

A

Single celled- Flagellated protozoan

Characterised by kinetoplast (extra dna not in nucleus)

2 main gps:
Trypanosomes (american tryp… & african tryp…)

Leishmania

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8
Q

American trypanosomiasis= disease

Aka chagas disease

A

Due to the american trypanosome ie
Trypanosoma cruzi

Zoonosis of humans

Transmission via triatomine bug(“kissing bug”)

Deaths Mainly in central n sth america

2 phases of disease:
Acute (fever, swellin of eyes, vomitin)
Chronic( infection can remain dormant for many yrs- can get heart /intestinal problems)

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9
Q

African Trypanosomiasis= disease

Aka african sleepin sickness

A

Due to trypanosoma brucei (has antigenic variation

Usually in subsaharan africa

Usually by tsete fly bite

2 stages to disease 1) fever headache
2) confusion numbness trouble sleepin
Can die within few wks

Can test wit lumbar puncture

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10
Q

Leishmaniasis= disease

A

Due to leishmania spp.
(Btw spp = abreivation for multiple species)

Geographically diverse

Spread by sandfly bite

Disease presented in 3 ways: visceral/cutaneous/mucosal

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11
Q

Toxoplasmosis

A

Due to toxoplasma gondii

Mostly passed to human by CAT faeces /uncooked meat/contaminated water

Esp dangerous for pregnant ppl who get it first time in 1st trimester - kid will get severe abnormalities

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12
Q

Malaria

A

Plasmodium is no. 1 most deadly parasite

About 1-2 million ppl die each yr -most r kids under 5

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13
Q

Notes for parasitic diseases stuff

A

No vaccine for any human parasite

Prevention is key

Most occur in tropical/subtropical regions of world eg africa

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14
Q

Giardiasis

A

Disease due to protozoa (giardia lamblia)

Diarrhoeal disease

One of the most common waterborne disease

Simple life cycle

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15
Q

Viral pathogenesis

A

Process where viral infection leads to disease

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16
Q

Viraemia

A

Medical condition where viruses enter bloodstream n hav access to rest of body

Primary = initial spread of virus in blood from first site of infection

Secondary= primary viraemia + infection of other tissues via bloodstream

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17
Q

Tissue tropism

A

Wen virus prefer a particular tissue to infect n replicate

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18
Q

Antiviral agents

‘Like antibiotics ecept biotics KILL BAC where as here we STOP DEVELOPMENT of VIRUS

A

Stuff that inhibit development of viruses

Eg nucleoside analogues
Interferons
Inhibition of coatin wit adamantanamin amantadine)

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19
Q

Humoral immunity

A

Involves antibodies in body fluids + b lymphocytes

No direct contact bw immune cells n pathogen

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20
Q

Cell-mediated immunity

A

Direct contact bw immune cells n pathogen

Involves t lymphocytes n macrophages

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21
Q

Leucocyte

A

Wbc

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22
Q

Lymphocyte

A

3 Types of wbc:

NK cells
T cells
B cells

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23
Q

Haemagglutinin

A

Antigens

Binds virus to cells with sialic acid on membrane n
Allows viral genome to enter via fusion of host membrane with viral membrane

glycoprotein on surface of virus

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24
Q

Neuraminidase

A

Glycoprotein on surface of virus

Enzymes that hydrolyse sialic acid residues bw host cells and progeny virus

Allows virus to leave host after it infected it

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25
Antigenic shift
Big changes - almost new strain of virus Only Wen 2 viruses infect same cell Get recombo of dna/rna.
26
Antigen
Non-self markers entering a person
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Horizontal transmission
Transmission of pathogens bw people in community
28
Vertical transmission
From father or mother to foetus/child Eg breast milk, saliva etc
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Epidemic
Rapid rise in incidence above the normal level | Eg flu season, influenza A (H1N1)
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Outbreak
Sudden or unexpected occurence of disease in a particular part of population Eg meningococcal
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Endemic
Disease there all the time at a certain level Eg cholera
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Pandemic
Epidemic gone global | Eg influenza A
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Hyphae
Long fliamentous structure in fungi
34
Mycelium
Mass of hyphae In fungi
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Budding
Asexual replication/ reproduction in yeast
36
Pseudomycelium
Cells cling togez in chajns resembling small tru mycelia Fake mycelia
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Ergosterol
In cell membrane of fungi
38
Mycotoxin
A fungal toxin Toxic Secondary metabolite Moulds excrete mycotoxins Produced by fungi growing in foods eg grains, nuts or fruits
39
Mycotoxicoses
Poisoning due to mycotoxins Can be acute or chronic
40
Stachybotrys
Type of mold (that releases mycotoxins) Grow on wallpaper, paper, material in buildings Cause dermatitis, seizures etc
41
Mycosis | Pl. mycoses
Fungal infection of animals + humans
42
Cutaneous fungal disease
Fungal infection in epidermis, hair, dead skin, nails Eg tinea (aka ringworm)
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Dermatomycoses
Fungal infection of skin Dermatophytes= group of fungi commonly causing skin disease
44
Subcutaneous fungal infection
Fungal infection to dermis, subcutaneous,tissues,muscle Eg sporotrichosis (aka rose gardener's disease)
45
Candida
Type of yeast Candida albicans is part of normal flora, causes oral/vaginal thrush Candidiasis =thrush= fungal/yeast infection by candida Opportunistic mycoses
46
Aspergillosis
Name given to wide range of diseases caused by Aspergillus (genus of fungi ) 3 types of pulmonary aspergillosis: 1. Allergic 2. Agressive tissue invasion (to lungs n other organs) 3. Fungus ball
47
Polyenes
'Anitbiotics'/ antimicrobial polyene compounds that target fungi Destroy membrane structure Eg amphotericin B Nystatin
48
Azole
Antifungal Disrupt ergosterol biosynthesis Inhibit 14 alpha-demethylase Fungistatic Eg fluconazole Intraconazole Beware: effects on hepatic n intestinal CYP450 enzymes n P-glycoprotein transporter
49
Co-trimoxazole
Antibiotic for bacteria, fungal and protozoal infections?
50
Influenza
Viral infection of lungs
51
Orthomyxovirus
Family of RNA viruses Influenza A and B cause influenza Influenza A and B has: 8 segments of RNa Enveloped Antigens on protein coat made of glycoprotein
52
Influenza A,B,C
Influenza A- responsible for regular outbreaks, can cause pandemic, epidemic, flu season Affect humans n birds n other animals Influenza B- sporadic outbreaks of illness Humans only Influenza C- minor resp illness Milder than A n B
53
Influenza A virus
In humans: 3 subtypes of H n 2 subtypes of N r influenza viruses In animals n birds: 16 subtypes of H n 9 subtypes of N
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Antigenic drift
Influenza A B n C all undergo this Small genetic changes ( eg pnt mutation) causing tiny changes in H or N proteins
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Antigenic shift
Sudden appearance of different H subtype Eg wen 1 virus from bird n 1 from human both infect pig - inside pig rearrangement of genetic stuff = WE'RE ALL DEAD May or may not have change in S subtype too New surface antigens = no recognition by immune response = can lead to pandemic
56
Swine influenza A (h1n1)
Incubation period 1-2 days ``` Virus can survive on hard, non porous surfaces for 24-48 hrs N Cloth, paper, tissues for 8-12 hrs N On hands for 5 mins ```
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Haemopoietic 'niche' cells
Mesenchymal cells Nerve cells Osteoblasts
58
Self renewal
HSC (haematopoietic stem cells) r self renewing: wen they proliferate, at least some of the daughter cells remain as HSC, so pool of stem cells doesnt become depleted
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Potency
Capacity to differentiate into specialised cell types
60
Totipotent stem cells
Can produce all cell types Only zygote+ early dividing blastomeres( up until 8 cell stage ie 2 and a bit days) + extraembryonic tissue (eg part of placenta) r truly totipotent
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Pluripotent
Differentiate into cells derived from 3 germ cell layers
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Multipotent
Can produce cells of closely related family of cells | Eg HSC cells
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Unipotent
Only produce 1 type of cell | but have property of self renewal wich distinguishes them from non stem cells
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Transgene
Gene/genetic material transferred from one organism to another
65
Unconditional KO (knock out)
Gene deleted in all tissues
66
Targeted KO (knock out)
gene deleted only in specific tissues (eg only in heart, brain ) n at different times ( eg at birth, only after a certain age)
67
Stem cell plasticity
One type of cell can develop into a cell from a different lineage Eg bone marrow stem cell and can develop into heart cells
68
Transdifferentiation
Direct conversion of one differentiated cell type/stem cell to another Eg haematopoietic stem cell becomes neuronal stem cell RBC becomes neuron ( though this is less likely)
69
Induced Pluripotent stem cells ( iPS)
Take ANY adult cell Put in four genes And they turn into pluripotent stem cells!!!
70
Composition of blood
55% plasma Formed elements: 45% RBC (erythrocytes) Less than 1% = buffy coat: leucocyte + platelets
71
Haematocrit
% of volume of RBC in total volume of blood Should b around 40 something %
72
Blood cell formation daily
Red cells = 2 x 10^11 | White cells = 1 x 10^10
73
Hemopoietic development dogma
PROLIFERATION & DIFFERENTIATION The more immature the cell, the more it can proliferate The more differentiated a cell, the less they can proliferate So if want to get 10 million WBC a day, must start with a lot of HSCs
74
Multipotent progenitors (MPP)
'Committed' cells Can form myeloid and lymphoid precursors
75
Common Myeloid Precursor (CMP)
Megakaryocyte-erythroid progenitor( which gives rise to megakaryocytes n erythrocytes) Granulocyte-macrophage progenitor
76
Common lymphoid precursor (CLP)
B T n NK cells
77
Bipotential progenitors
B-lymphoid/macrophage n | T-lymphoid/myeloid
78
Long term repopulating cells (LTRC)
Able to produce all blood cell types for the entire life span
79
Colony forming cells (CFC)
Cells that r alive in culture dish
80
LTC-IC
Long-term culture initiating cells
81
ELTC-IC
Extended long-term culture initiating cells
82
In vitro assays
Done on plate/dish
83
In vivo assays
Done in whole organism | Eg mice
84
Short term RC (repopulating cells)
Stem cells that make myeloid n/or lymphoid compartments for a short period of time
85
CD34+
Surface antigen that stem cells have Select for cells with these in stem cells assays to find stem cell
86
Haemopoiesis in embryo | Where
1 mnth: yolk sac then moves to AGM (Site that will grow Aorta, gonads-testes n ovaries, kidneys) 3 mnths: move to foetal liver n spleen 5 mnths: move to bone marrow cavities
87
Stoichastic
Concept that stem cell has random commitment to particular lineage - unlikely
88
Instructive
Concept that some mechanism in the stem cells tells it which cell it is to become More likely cos eg get infection, we need more WBC Done via cell to cell contact wit adjacent cell or signals eg growth factors Or transcription factors
89
Colony stimulating factors
'Growth factors' to make colonies of n differentiate cells Bind to receptors on HSC Can b specific for a particular lineage ir can influence many lineages
90
120 days
Days RBC lives for
91
Death of RBC
Lysis in spleen Separate heme from globin Get iron from heme - 99% of iron in our bodies get from here!! Get aa from globin (n we reuse aa)
92
Erythropoiesis
Makin RBC 2.5 million RBCs/second ``` 5 cells Start wit proerythroblast Erythroblast Normoblast Reticulocyte End wit erythrocyte ``` Nucleus shrinks, more pink colour as get more haemoglobin Negative feedbak mechanisms Driven by erythropoietin ( EPO hormone made from kidneys )
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Leukopoiesis
Leucocyte production B n T progenitors Granulocyte - macrophage colony forming units
94
Granulopoiesis
Myeloblast differentiates to 1 basophil 2 neutrophil 3 eosinophil
95
Thrombopoiesis
Platelet production Megakaryocyte stays in bone marrow Stimulated by thrombopoietin to form cytoplasmic extensions Wich form platelets n r released into blood
96
Megakaryopoiesis
Making megakaryocytes Nuclues keeps on multiplying so get like 64n, 128n etc the more N, the more platelets can get Regulated by thrombopoietin (TPO) Stem cell factor Interleukin-6
97
Monocytopoiesis
Making monocytes Monocytes can make macrophages n osteoclasts Regulated by M-CSF IL-3 GM-CSF
98
Thermal dimorphism
Fungi that At a certain temp, has different morphology eg filamentous But at another temp, in another form
99
Antimycotics
Antifungal drug used to treat n prevent mycoses ``` Targets: Fungal cell membrane Cell wall DNA synthesis Cell division ```
100
Protists
Incl protozoa Algae Slime moulds (Apicomplexa) Can be unicellular or multicellular

Med 1011 (12 decks)

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