Week 102 Swollen Finger

Question 1

Examples of Beta Lactams

Answer 1

Penicillins Cephalosporins Carbepenems

Question 2

Examples of Glycopeptides

Answer 2

Vancomycin Teicoplanin

Question 3

Examples of Quinolones

Answer 3

Ciprofloxacin Levofloxacin

Question 4

Mechanism of action of Metronidazole?

Answer 4

DNA damage by forming reactive intermediates that inhibit DNA (nucleic acid) synthesis.

Question 5

Mechanism of action of Rifampicin?

Answer 5

Inhibit RNA polymerase to prevent transcription of mRNA (inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis)

Question 6

Examples of tetracyclines?

Answer 6

Tetracycline Doxycycline

Question 7

Examples of aminoglycosides?

Answer 7

Gentamycin

Question 8

Examples of macrolides

Answer 8

Clarithyromycin Erythromycin

Question 9

Mechanism of action of chloramphenicol?

Answer 9

Inhibits transpeptidaion. Attaches to ribosome.

Question 10

Which antibiotics have antimetabolite activity?

Answer 10

Trimethoprim Sulphonamides

Question 11

Which Antibiotics disrupt the bacterial cell wall?

Answer 11

Beta-Lactams Vancomycin

Question 12

What is an antibiotic?

Answer 12

A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria

Question 13

Which antibiotics disrupt nucleic acid synthesis?

Answer 13

Quinolones (ciprofloxacin/levofloxacin) Metronidazole Rifampicin

Question 14

Which antibiotics disrupt protein synthesis?

Answer 14

Tetracyclines Aminoglycosides

Question 15

Which antibiotics have a minimum inhibitory concentration?

Answer 15

Trimethoprim Sulphanomides

Question 16

What factors give antibiotics specificity against bacterial cells only?

Answer 16

No human peptidoglycan layer Different sized ribosomes Structurally different enzymes

Question 17

What is meant by the term “ minimum inhibitory concentration “ ?

Answer 17

The lowest concentration of an anti bacterial agent that will inhibit the visible growth of a micro organism

Question 18

Name two time dependant antibiotics

Answer 18

Beta-Lactams Vancomycin

Question 19

Name two concentration dependant antibiotics

Answer 19

Aminoglycosides Quinolones

Question 20

What is the method of action of beta lactams?

Answer 20

These inhibit cross linking in the bacterial peptidoglycan layer.

Question 21

How do glycopeptides work?

Answer 21

They prevent the release of building block units from the bacterial cell membrane, which in turn prevents the production of the peptidoglycan layer.

Question 22

How do quinolones work?

Answer 22

They inhibit the DNA Gyrase enzyme to prevent supercoiling of bacterial DNA

Question 23

How does metronidazole work?

Answer 23

Damages bacterial DNA, forming reactive intermediates that inhibit DNA synthesis.

Question 24

What is the method of action of Rifampicin?

Answer 24

Inhibits RNA polymerase to inhibit the transcription of mRNA.

Question 25

What is the method of action of tetracyclines?

Answer 25

Binds to the 30s subunit of the ribosome, actively with competing with tRNA for the binding site.

Question 26

What is the method of action of aminoglycosides?

Answer 26

Enter bacterial cells via OXYGEN DEPENDENT transport system, binds to 30s subunit of the ribosome, causing misreading of mRNA and non functional proteins.

Question 27

How does chloramphenicol work?

Answer 27

Inhibits Transpeptidation.

Question 28

How do macrolides work?

Answer 28

Binds to 50s sub unit and inhibits translocation.

Question 29

How do sulphonamides work?

Answer 29

They inhibit dihydrofolate synthase, thereby preventing folate synthesis.

Question 30

How does trimethoprim work?

Answer 30

This inhibits dihydrofolate reductase.

Question 31

What type of MHC would a CD+8 (natural killer T cell) attach to?

Answer 31

MHC1

Question 32

When a CD+8 attaches to an infected cell it causes clonal expansion through which cytokine?

Answer 32

IL-2

Question 33

CD+8 T cells release cytotoxic granules to cause what in the infected cell?

Answer 33

Apoptosis

Question 34

B cells can be activated directly by antigens and also indirectly by \_\_\_\_\_\_?

Answer 34

T Helper Cells

Question 35

Name some antigen presenting cells.

Answer 35

Dendritic cells, macrophages, certain B cells

Question 36

Describe T cell dependent activation of a B cell.

Answer 36

B cell receptor interacts with antigen Presents on MHC 2 A Th2 CD4+ cross links with B cell T cell secretes cytokines (IL2, IL4) --\> activating B cell. Trigger B cell proliferation and differentiation into plasma cells --\> AKA B cell activation

Question 37

What type of receptor does a CD +4 th1 attach to?

Answer 37

MH2 (Major histocompatability complex 2)

Question 38

A CD+4 Th1 produces IFN- gamma to signal which cell class?

Answer 38

Macrophages

Question 39

A ____ produces IL-4 and IL-2 and provides help for B cells i.. allowing them to proliferate.

Answer 39

CD+4 Th2

Question 40

Where does the thoracic duct drain?

Answer 40

Left subclavian vein

Question 41

What does the lymph do other than recycle blood plasma? Clue\* it's in the gut.

Answer 41

Fatty acid/lacteal transport in the small intestine.

Question 42

In which part of the small intestine would you find the following? What are they called?

Answer 42

Peyer's Patch

Question 43

What makes up Waldeyer's tonsilar ring?

Answer 43

Adenoid tonsil, two tubal tonsils, two palatine tonsils, and the lingual tonsil.

Question 44

What is a PRR?

Answer 44

A pettern recognition receptor. Expressed by cells of innate immune system to identify PAMPs

Question 45

What are PAMPs?

Answer 45

Pathogen Associated Molecular patterns, expressed by pathogenic cells.

Question 46

How are mast cells activated?

Answer 46

Direct contact Chemokines PAMPs Other proteins released by pathogen

Question 47

What effect does histamine have on capillary endothelial cells?

Answer 47

Casodilation and increased vascular permeability.

Question 48

Where are most compliment proteins produced?

Answer 48

The liver

Question 49

What are the three compliment pathways?

Answer 49

Classical Lepin Binding Alternative

Question 50

C3 convertase is an enzyme made from which two pathways?

Answer 50

Classical & Leptin

Question 51

What does the alternative pathway require from both the classical and leptin pathways?

Answer 51

C4b2a (c3 reductase)

Question 52

What role does C3a have in the innate response?

Answer 52

C3 (with C5a) binds to mast cells, stimulating the release of histamine.

Question 53

Other than work with C3, what does C5a do?

Answer 53

Binds to macrophages, making it far easier for them to bind (through cr1 receptors) to c3b opsonins on the surface of an antigen cell.

Question 54

What is the most common white blood cell?

Answer 54

Neutrophils

Question 55

What important protein do basophils release?

Answer 55

Heparin

Question 56

what two things (one a pathogen, one an anooyance!) are eosinophils related to?

Answer 56

PArasitic worms Allergies

Question 57

Which factors inhibit colonisation or bacteria on the SKIN?

Answer 57

Dry conditions acidic pH Regular shedding of outer layer Antimicrobial substances Skin-Associated lymphoid tissue Presence of commensal organisms

Question 58

Which factors inhibit bacterial colonisation of mucus membranes?

Answer 58

Mucin production - removed by cilia or peristalsis Antimicrobial substances Secretory immunoglobulin A Regular turnover of outer layers Mucosal Associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) Commensals

Question 59

What bacterium attaches to intestinal and urinary epithelia?

Answer 59

E. Coli

Question 60

Which bacteria attaches to Intestinal epithelin?

Answer 60

Salmonella Typhimurium Vibrio Cholerae

Question 61

Which Bacterium adheres to the laryngeal epithelin?

Answer 61

Bordetella pertussis

Question 62

How does meningitits disseminate through the body?

Answer 62

The circulatory system