Week 11

Question 1

what is mental health

Answer 1

aspect of overall health
- state of mental wellbeing enabling people to cope with stress of life, realize abilities, learn/work wel and contribute to community

Question 2

what is mental illness

Answer 2

clinically significant disturbance in cognition, emotional regulation or behaviour
- dysfunction in psychological, biological or developmental processes underlying mental functioning

Question 3

ICD-10

Answer 3

international classification of disease (diagnosis)

Question 4

DSM-V

Answer 4

diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (diagnosis)

Question 5

4 types of disorders

Answer 5

1. depressive (major depression)
2. psychotic (schizophrenia)
3. anxiety (agoraphobia)
4. personality/bipolar/eating/feeding/substance use disorders

Question 6

DALYS

Answer 6

disability adjusted life years
- sum of years of life lost and years of healthy life lost due to disability

Question 7

2021-22 top 2 greatest disease burden

Answer 7

1. cancer (17%)
2. mental and substance abuse disorders (15%)

Question 8

premature mortality

Answer 8

people with mental illness have reduced life expectancy around 10-20 years less than general

Question 9

5 key behavioural mechanisms

Answer 9

1. enjoyment and pleasure
2. mastery and accomplishment
3. social interaction
4. routine and structure
5. agency and autonomy

Question 10

neurochemical hypothesis #1

Answer 10

1. endorphin - release of beta endorphins (natural opioids producing euphoria and reduce pain e.g. runners high)

Question 11

neurochemical hypothesis #2

Answer 11

2. monoamine - enhance mood-related NTs like serotonin, dopamine and norepinephrine

Question 12

neurochemical hypothesis #3

Answer 12

neurotropic - increase brain derived neutrophic factor (BDNF) - supporting neuroplasticity and emotion regulation

Question 13

neurochemical hypothesis #4

Answer 13

hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis regulation - buffer stress by regulating cortisol levels and improving HPA axis functioning for better mood stability

Question 14

best physiological factor for exercise

Answer 14

aerobic (strongest for depressive symptoms and improve functioning and energy levels)

Question 15

best behaviouiral factor for exercise

Answer 15

resistance training (some reduction for depression and improves self-efficacy, strength and body image)

Question 17

evidence of best intensity for mood improvement

Answer 17

moderate to vigorous

Question 18

anxiety exercise mechanism #1

Answer 18

distraction - temporary distraction from thoughts (mindfulness)

Question 19

anxiety exercise mechanism #2

Answer 19

gradual exposure and tolerance to physical symptoms - exercise mimics anxiety symptoms reducing sensitivity to these sensations (introceptive exposure)

Question 20

anxiety exercise mechanism 3

Answer 20

self efficacy -mastery boosting confidence and perceived control over stress

Question 21

anxiety and exercise physiological mechanism #1

Answer 21

NT modulation - release serotonin, dopamine and NE for mood improvements

Question 22

anxiety and exercise physiological mechanism #2

Answer 22

HPA axis modulation - chronic anxiety linked with overactivation of HPA axis
- nexercise regualtes cortisol levels and improve stress reactivity

Question 23

anxiety and exercise physiological mechanism #3

Answer 23

autonomic NS regulation - reduce baseline sympathetic activity and enhance parasympathetic tone + improved heart rate variability (marker of stress anxiety)

Question 25

types of exercise for anxiety

Answer 25

1. aerobic (strongest evidence) 2. RT (mid-moderate) 3. team/group (social interaction buffering symptoms) 4. solo (autonomy, flexibility and control)