Week 7

Question 1

what is cancer

Answer 1

abnormal mutation causing abnormal growth of cells

Question 2

G1, S, G2 and Mitosis

Answer 2

G1 - cell increase in size
S - DNA replicated
G2 - cell prepares for division
Mitosis - cell splits

Question 3

cell grows until what?

Answer 3

apoptosis
- programmed cell death

Question 4

cancer mutation to cells

Answer 4

constant cell growth into a tumour (evades body immune response)

Question 5

most common cancers in men and women

Answer 5

men - prostate, melanoma, colorectal, lung
women - breast, colorectal, melanoma, lung

all same except for prostate/breast

Question 6

symptoms

Answer 6

• unexplained lumps in tissue (neck, armpit, etc.)
• sores or ulcers not healing
• coughs or hoarseness not going away/coughing blood
• change in toilet habit last two weeks (bowel movement with blood)
• new moles/skin spots changing in shape/size/colour/bleeding

Question 7

behavioural risk factors

Answer 7

• modifiable or changes in behaviour
• diet, tobacco, smoking and alcohol

Question 8

biomedical risk factors

Answer 8

bodily states impacting risk of disease e.g. diabetes and excess body fat

Question 9

environmental risk factors

Answer 9

• exposure to certain substances e.g. pollutants or energies like UV / asbestos

Question 10

Cancer primary prevention

Answer 10

• quit smoking
• reduce alcohol intake
• improve diet
• limit UV radiation
• increase PA

Question 11

psychiatric disease examples

Answer 11

• depression, anxiety, stress

Question 12

neurological disease examples

Answer 12

• dementia, parkinsons, MS

Question 13

metabolic disease examples

Answer 13

• obesity, hyperlipidaemia, metabolic syndrome, T1/2D

Question 14

cardiovascular disease examples

Answer 14

• hypertension, coronary heart disease, heart failure

Question 15

pulmonary disease examples

Answer 15

• chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma

Question 16

MSK disease examples

Answer 16

• OA, OP, back pain, RA

Question 17

how does obesity contribute to cancer risk?

Answer 17

• adipose tissue secretes adipokines (leptin/pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6)
• leptin: promotes cell proliferation inhibiting apoptosis leading to cancer cell growth risk
• IL-6: promote chronic inflammation, oxidative stress and angiogenesis

Question 18

how does insulin resistance lead to cancer risk?

Answer 18

• insulin and insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1)
• stimulate cell proliferation and inhibit apoptosis supporting cancer development
• overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) = oxidative stress damaging DNA
• alter glucose metabolism in tumour cells

Question 20

hyperinsulinaemia

Answer 20

• oncogenic effect increasing insulin in body causing cell proliferation and limiting apoptosis

Question 21

Warburg Effect

Answer 21

• metabolic reprogramming providing survival advantage supporting increased cell proliferation (cancer cells using glycolysis for energy)

Question 22

inflammation effect on cancer risk

Answer 22

• strong association with hyperinsulinaemia and inflammation
  1. low grade inflammation (macrophage infiltrates adipose tissue)
  2. macrophage releases inflammatory mediators (TNF-alpha, IL-6 and CRP -> insulin resistance by imparing insulin signal pathways)

Question 23

effect of inflammatory cytokines

Answer 23

induce DNA damage - predispose cells to malignant mutations

Question 24

hormone imbalance risk of cancer

Answer 24

chronic high insulin levels reduce production of sex-hormone binding globulin (SHBG) -> increased availability of sex hormones like oestrogen and testosterone
- promote hormone sensitive cancers
- high obesity -> reduce SHBG -> increased sex hormones in blood -> increased cancer risk