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Exercise as Medicine SSEH3353 > Week 3 > Flashcards

Week 3 Flashcards

(53 cards)

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1
Q

what can cvd be caused by?

A
  • plumbing (artery blockage)
  • electrical (arrrythmias)
  • both
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2
Q

macro-vascular diseases

A
  • coronary artery/heart disease
  • stroke
  • peripheral vascular disease
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3
Q

example of coronary heart disease

A

coronary athersclerosis supplying ventricular myocardium with blood

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4
Q

example of stroke

A

cerebrovascular athersclerosis blocking cerebral artery (blocks neural tissues)

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5
Q

example of peripheral vascular disease

A

lower limb e.g. femoral artery blockages

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6
Q

microvascular disease types

A
  • retinopathy
  • nephropathy
  • neuropathy
  • amputation/ulceration
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7
Q

Pulmonary ___________ takes blood to lungs

A

Pulmonary arteries

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8
Q

Pulmonary ________ to left atrium

A

Pulmonary veins

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9
Q

role of tricuspid valve

A
  • papillary muscles attach to chordae tendinae to valve leaflets
  • leaflets block way and pull downwards to prevent blood from going back to atria
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10
Q

order of layers of heart wall

A
  • fibrous pericardium
  • parietal layer of serous pericardium
  • pericardial cavity
  • visceral layer of serous pericardium
  • myocardium
  • endocardium
  • heart chamber
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11
Q

myocardium has what

what two layers

A
  • heart muscle
  • connective tissue
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12
Q

fibrous pericardium

A

hard protective barrier

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13
Q

parietal layer of pericardium

A

has pericardial fluid to allow heart movement without much friction

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14
Q

functional syncytium

A

sodium and calcium deplorization in single cell and transmission throughout all cells

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15
Q

why is there a delay of impulse from atria to ventricle?

A

rubberized membrane between atria and ventricles (at valves) acting as insulator to prevent depolarization of entire myocardium

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16
Q

Cardiac Twist and Torsion

A
  • heart base rotates during contraction
  • allows ventricular twist causing transverse movements alloiwing heart muscle contraction longitudinally
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17
Q

tunica interna

A
  • flattened squamous cells
  • endothelial cells
  • internal elastic membrane
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18
Q

tunica media

A
  • mostly smooth muscle
  • elastic laminae
  • loose CT
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19
Q

tunica adventitia

A
  • connective tissue connecting BVs to surrounding structures
  • collagen and elastic fibres
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20
Q

elastic artery structure

A

tunica media has
- elastic laminae (tensile strength)
- muscle cells interspe
- cylindrical spiral arrangement (ejections in all directions)
- smooth muscle (contract and dilate)

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21
Q

dicrotic notch

A

a small dip of blood pressure waveform presenting brief interruption of normal blood flow after aortic valve closes

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22
Q

muscular arteries function

Study These Flashcards
A
  • branches off elastic arteries
  • controls blood flow distribution
  • blocks off pathways and allows flow in other areas
23
Q

VC vs VD

vasomotor tone in muscular arteries…

Study These Flashcards
A
  • local vasodilator mechanisms regulated by neural constrictor reflexes by sympathetic NS
24
Q

muscular artery structure

Study These Flashcards
A
  • smooth muscle content (25-35 layers) in spiral control for vasomotor control
  • elastic tissue scarce in tunica media
  • fenestrated internal elastic laminae in tunia intima
  • external elastic laminae in tunica adventitia
25
# L and R resistance vessels
- small muscular arteries and arterioles - resistance dependant on vessel length and radius
26
blood pressure equation
cardiac output x total peripheral resistance
27
how does SNS control vasomotor tone?
- release vasoactive hormones and local metabolic products to control BF distribution and O2 delivery by vasoconstriction
28
SNS vasomotor control example
- noradrenaline affects alpha receptors and vasoconstricts vessels in organs, allowing more blood flow distribution to vasodilated arteries in skeletal muscles, allowing more muscle contraction
29
examples of vasomotor tone metabolic by-products in tissue fluids (vasodilation)
- potassium ions - CO2 release - acidity increase (during exercise) - ATP - adenosine
30
exchange vessels (capillaries)
- thin walls / tunica intima with endothelial cells and basement membrane - slow transport time and thin layer for gas exchange
31
oedema
- increased capillary pressure can cause filtration of H2O resulting in oedema - oedema in tissue can caused increased perfusion distance, causing outcomes suich as drowning in tissue fluid
32
capacitence vessels
- venules (500 microns) to veins (4cm) - tunica media has some SM cells and more collagen and elastic tissue - tunica adventitia makes up 60% of wall - increased pressure expands at vessels and deposits more volume
33
capacitence vessel distribution
- makes up 60-75% of blood (3.5L) - 1/3 of blood in high capacitence circulations e.g. liver and skin
34
non compliant blood vessel example
- skeletal muscles - vessels do not stretch or store extra blood (like rigid pipe)
35
compliant blood vessel example
- skin and splanchnic regions - can expand or constrict (VC or VC)
36
atherosclerosis
- changes in arterial walls due to exposure of CVD risk factors - disease causing thickening and loss of elasticity of arterial walls characterised by formation of lipid and cholesterol laden mass in intima or media of large/medium arteries
37
vasa vasorum
small BVs that supply walls of larger arteries and veins
38
atherogenesis stage 1
infiltration and entrapment - LDL penetrates intima passing endothelial layer - LDL interacts with substances within wall and cannot be reabsorbed by vasa vasorum
39
atherogenesis stage 2
modification of LDL - LDL becomes oxidised by reactice O2 species (e.g. superoxide anions) released from macrophages | superoxide anions - O2 molecule with extra electron ## Footnote highly oxidative and attacks foreign agents like viruses
40
fatty streaks
foam cells accumulated in subintimal space
40
atherogenesis stage 3
foam cell formation - oxidatively modified LDL (Ox-LDL) ingested by macrophage to become foam cell - Ox-LDL has greater affinity for foam cells (not regulated by negative feedback) ## Footnote foam cells eventually rupture after consuming too much LDL - release of substances
41
fibrous plaques
fibrous cap covers lipid core - SM cells proliferate and generate CT and collagen
42
complicated lesions
plaquie calcifies and can haemorrhage, rupture or cause thrombosis ## Footnote thrombosis = formation of blood clot
43
CAD symptoms
- angina = chest pain or discomfort - MI = blood to heart reduced or cut off
44
angiogram
visualization of presence of stenotic plaque
45
angioplasty
- insertion of balloon to expand stenosis
46
stent insertion
- expendable cage to hold artery open
47
coronary artery bypass surgery
graft to bypass stenosis
48
drug therapy for CAD examples
- clot busters for thrombosis - blood thinners e.g. aspirin to prevent thrombosis - lipid lowering drugs (decrease cholesterol) - other miedcations to decrease MI e.g. ACE inhibitors
49
angina pectoris
- pain from limited blood passage - gripping or deep pain in chest
50
example of when plaque may need removal
- referred pain in arms that comes/goes or increases during exercise
51
stroke
- interruption of blood supply to brain - clot 85% - haemorrhage 15%
52
peripheral artery disease
- atheroma in arteries of legs resulting in numbness, pain and eventually gangrene ## Footnote atheroma - plaque as a fatty substance building up in arteries

Exercise as Medicine SSEH3353 (13 decks)

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