Week 11- Fluid/Electrolytes and Acid/Base balance

Question 1

Describe the 2 fluid compartments in the body

Extracellular

Answer 1

outside cells

1/3 of cell

Question 2

Describe the 2 fluid compartments in the body

Intracellular

Answer 2

inside cell

2/3 of cell

Question 3

give examples of types of ECF and indicate relative amount of fluid in each main compartment.

Answer 3

Plasma

interstitial fluid-between cells and tissues

CSF

Lymph

Question 4

Describe how osmolarity affects the movement of water between body fluid compartments (between ECF and the cells)—

Answer 4

Want them to be the same outside of cells as inside of cells ECF=ICF

If not, since water follows salts this can cause problems

Question 5

understand what occurs when cells are in a hypertonic soln, isotonic soln and hypotonic soln

Hypertonic

Answer 5

More solutes outside of cell in ECF then there is inside of ICF

Water will follow salt outside of cell, cell will shrink or die

Question 6

understand what occurs when cells are in a hypertonic soln, isotonic soln and hypotonic soln

isotonic

Answer 6

No movement of water

ICF and ECF are equals, so water will not move and nothing will change in cell

Question 7

understand what occurs when cells are in a hypertonic soln, isotonic soln and hypotonic soln

hypotonic

Answer 7

less solutes outside in ECF then there is inside of ICF

Water will be drawn into the cell, causing cell to burst

Question 8

Describe water gain and water loss in the body and the significance if these are not balanced

Answer 8

Water gain should = water loss

Water gain- mainly should be ingested fluids, some come from ingested food

water loss- mainly will come from kidneys(pee), some will go out through skin,(sweat) lungs and gi tract

Question 9

What occurs in dehydration?

Answer 9

water loss is greater then water gain

Question 10

What are primary symptoms and primary way to treat? dehydration

Answer 10

less urine and more concentrated urine

will be treated by fluid replacement

Question 11

Differentiate between hypervolemia and hypovolemia—including causes and results

hypervolemia

Answer 11

Too much blood volume/ body fluid

kidney failure/heart failure can cause

Question 12

Differentiate between hypervolemia and hypovolemia—including causes and results

hypovolemia

Answer 12

Too little blood volume/body fluid

excessive urinary loss, diarrhea, or vomiting, can lead to hypovolemic shock and death.

Question 13

Why is sodium the most important electrolyte in ECF?

Answer 13

maintain body fluids

controls movement of water inside and outside of cells(water follows salt)

Question 14

Name most abundant electrolyte in ICF.

Answer 14

Potassium

Question 15

How does body adapt when blood become too concentrated (increased osmolarity)? This will include hormonal influences

Answer 15

ADH causes reabsorption of water only

this is hypertonic

increase adh so more water gets reabsorbed into body, will decrease osmolarity back to normal

Question 16

How does body adapt when blood become Too dilute (decreased osmolarity)? This will include hormonal influences

Answer 16

ADH causes reabsorption of water only

this is Hypotonic

decrease Adh so less water reaborbes back to body, will level out osmolarity

Question 17

How does body adapt if body fluid volume decreases? This will include hormonal influences

Answer 17

Salt water makes up volume of blood

-will try to add salt water to salt water (b/c this bv is too low)

angiotensin ll will release aldosterone

aldosterone will increase absorption of sodium and water

increased reabsorption will cause blood volume to go back to normal

Question 18

How does body adapt if body fluid volume Increases? This will include hormonal influences

Answer 18

salt water makes up volume of blood

attempt to remove salt water from salt water

anp/bnp will decrease reaborbtion of sodium and water

you will pee out more na and water and keep less in blood, causing a lower bv

Question 19

Sodium function

Answer 19

Most abundant in ECF

involved in:
nerve impulse

muscle contraction

distribution of water

resting membrane potential and generation of action potentials

Question 20

chloride function

Answer 20

ECF

plays role in :
maintaining osmotic pressure

forming HCL

Ph balance

Question 21

potassium function

Answer 21

abundant in ICF

plays role in:
resting membrane potential and generation of action potential

nerve impulse/muscle contration

intracellular fluid volume

regulares Ph

Question 22

calcium function

Answer 22

Most abundant mineral in body

Plays role in:
Clotting blood

neurotransmitter release

muscle contraction

Question 23

magnesium function

Answer 23

ATP production

protein synthesis

nerve& muscle function

bone strength

Question 24

phosphate function

Answer 24

synthesis of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)

ATP

Question 25

Describe possible causes of hyponatremia and know the PRIMARY system that is disrupted with each

Answer 25

Decrease in sodium- dysfunction of N.S excessive vomiting/ diarrhea excessive water intake-water intoxication

Question 26

Describe possible causes of hypernatremia, and know the PRIMARY system that is disrupted with each

Answer 26

increase in sodium- dysfunction of N.S dehydration / not enough water intake too much intake of sodium

Question 27

Describe possible causes of hypokalemia and and know the PRIMARY system that is disrupted with each

Answer 27

decrease in potassium- dysfunction of heart excessive vomiting/ diarrhea Increased aldosterone levels diuretic

Question 28

Describe possible causes of hyperkalemia and know the PRIMARY system that is disrupted with each

Answer 28

increase in potassium- dysfunction of heart too much intake of potassium decreased aldosterone levels renal failure crushing injuries

Question 29

Describe pH—how does a buffer work?

Answer 29

0 (acid) -------7(neutral)-----------14(alkaline) Buffers- will go back to normal if acid, will use alkaline buffer if alkaline, will use acid buffer

Question 30

Describe the 3 ways homeostasis of pH of blood is maintained via buffer systems, exhalation, and by the kidneys. How can they bring pH back to normal? buffer system

Answer 30

Too acidic- add base to neutralize Too alkaline- add acid to neutralize (I.e phosphate, proteins, bicarbonate)

Question 31

Describe the 3 ways homeostasis of pH of blood is maintained via buffer systems, exhalation, and by the kidneys. How can they bring pH back to normal? exhalation

Answer 31

more co2= more h, less co2=less h If blood is acidic- hyperventilate if blood is alkaline- hypoventilate

Question 32

Describe the 3 ways homeostasis of pH of blood is maintained via buffer systems, exhalation, and by the kidneys. How can they bring pH back to normal? kidneys

Answer 32

if blood is acidic, pee out more h if blood is alkaline, not pee as much/less h

Question 33

What are the three main buffer systems in the body

Answer 33

kidneys respitory buffer system

Question 34

alkalosis

Answer 34

blood is too alkaline high on ph scale doesn't have enough h in it

Question 35

acidosis

Answer 35

Blood is too acidic low on ph scale Has too much h in it

Question 36

metabolic acidosis—include main CAUSES of each disorder and the main way the body will COMPENSATE for each disorder

Answer 36

Causes: Diabetic-producing ketones, excessive diarrhea Compensation: Lungs- hyperventilate

Question 37

metabolic alkalosis—include main CAUSES of each disorder and the main way the body will COMPENSATE for each disorder

Answer 37

Causes: vomit- lose acid & alkaline drugs Compensation:Lungs- hypoventilate- keep more h in blood

Question 38

respiratory acidosis —include main CAUSES of each disorder and the main way the body will COMPENSATE for each disorder

Answer 38

Causes: Hypoventilation(exhale less co2&h) Compensation: Kidneys Pee out more hydrogen

Question 39

respiratory alkalosis—include main CAUSES of each disorder and the main way the body will COMPENSATE for each disorder

Answer 39

Causes: Hyperventilation (exhale too much co2 and h) Compensation:Kidneys Pee out less hydrogen