Week 10-Urinary system

Question 1

Describe the specific functions of urinary system (functions of the kidneys)

Answer 1

Forming urine-remove nitrogenous waste from blood

control blood volume/pressure

Control osmolarity of blood

Controls what solutes stay or get peed out

Control Ph

Question 2

What does the nephron do?

Answer 2

functional unit

Filter blood

Form urine from filtered blood

Question 3

What are the 2 types of nephrons?

Answer 3

cortical-85%

juxtamedullary-15%

Question 4

Describe the 3 processes (glomerular filtration, reabsorption and secretion) involved in urine formation—what affect will these processes have on the content of the urine?

Filtration

Answer 4

First-filters substances from blood

Water, electrolytes, waste products, glucose and amino acids go from glomerulus into glomerular capsule

Will not let rbc, wbc, platelets or albumin get into gc

Question 5

Describe the 3 processes (glomerular filtration, reabsorption and secretion) involved in urine formation—what affect will these processes have on the content of the urine?

Reabsorbtion

Answer 5

Happens second-returns necessary substances into blood

Filtered substances get reabsorbed into blood(normally are “good stuff”)

Some water, some electrolytes, all glucose, amino acids back into blood

Question 6

Describe the 3 processes (glomerular filtration, reabsorption and secretion) involved in urine formation—what affect will these processes have on the content of the urine?

Secretion

Answer 6

Also happens second-secreting unwanted substances into tubes for excretion

Substances go directly from blood into tubule

(typically “bad stuff” that you want to pee out, like nitrogenous wastes, drugs, potassium and hydrogen )

Question 7

What is the GFR (Glomerular Filtration Rate)?

Answer 7

Amount of filtrate formed in all nephrons in both kidneys per minute

Question 8

Why does the GFR need to be constant?

Answer 8

Needs to be constant so you can maintain proper kidney functions

Question 9

In urinalysis—what are the physical properties of urine?

Answer 9

Volume

Color

Ph

Specific gravity

Odor

Question 10

What is the clinical significance if urine output is too low or absent?

Answer 10

Can lead to kidney failure

can indicate kidney disease, dehydration, or circulatory shock

Question 11

What is the clinical significance if the Specific Gravity

Answer 11

if too high, you could be peeing out too many substances-too concentrated

dehydration, kidney disease, or other conditions affecting solute concentration.

Question 12

What are the substances that are normally found in urine (chemical composition of urine)?

Answer 12

urea, creatinine, and uric acid (nitrogenous wastes)
electrolytes and other solutes.

Question 13

Which substances are nitrogenous wastes?

Answer 13

uric acid

urea

ammonia

Creatinine

Question 14

How are these wastes produced in the body?

Answer 14

Nitrogenous wastes are produced through protein metabolism and nucleic acid breakdown.

Question 15

Name general substances reabsorbed in the tubule (these are substances returned to the blood)

Answer 15

Some water, some electrolytes, all glucose, amino acids

Question 16

Name general substances secreted in the tubule (these are substance that are added to the tubule to be excreted in urine)

Answer 16

H+-Hydrogen

K+-Potassium

Nitrogenous wastes(waste products)

drugs.

Question 17

What types of abnormal urinalysis findings are present in: Type I Diabetes,

Answer 17

glucose, ketones

Question 18

What types of abnormal urinalysis findings are present in: Acute renal failure

Answer 18

albumin

foamy coke colored- Rbc

low output

Question 19

What types of abnormal urinalysis findings are present in: UTI

Answer 19

wbc

microbes

rbc

Question 20

Function of renin and effect on urine, blood volume and blood pressure

Answer 20

is important in making angiotensin ll-activates RAAS

will increase blood volume/pressure

Question 21

function of angiotensin ll and effect on urine, blood volume and blood pressure

Answer 21

causes release of ADH and aldosterone

will increase blood volume/pressure

Question 22

Function of ANP and effect on urine, blood volume and blood pressure

Answer 22

will decrease reabsorption of sodium/water
(pee out more sodium/water)

lower blood volume/pressure
increase urine volume

Question 23

Function of Aldosterone and effect on urine, blood volume and blood pressure

Answer 23

Will increase soduim and water reabsorption
(pee less sodium/water)

raise blood volume/pressure

Question 24

Describe the RAAS (Renin-Angiotensin Aldosterone System)

Answer 24

-hormone system that regulates blood pressure

Try to prevent you from dying of low blood pressure and going into shock/death

Question 25

How does ADH affect the osmolarity of the blood?

Answer 25

Blood volume=Blood pressure Increased ADH= more blood volume/pressure and lower urine volume/pressure Lower ADH=less blood volume/pressure and higher urine blood volume/pressure

Question 26

Describe how ADH can regulate blood osmolarity

Answer 26

Increased ADH -decreases blood osmolarity -concentrates urine decreased ADH -increases blood osmolarity -dilutes urine.

Question 27

What is the effect of ADH on the concentration of urine?

Answer 27

Will take water out of urine and put into blood-causing concentrated urine will decrease volume/pressure of urine and increase volume and pressure of blood

Question 28

Describe how a diuretic works-What does diuretic affect and what is the result?

Answer 28

Decrease reabsorption of sodium and water Will increase urine volume so you can pee more

Question 29

What do the BUN and plasma creatinine blood tests indicate?

Answer 29

If these are high numbers= poor kidney function if numbers are low= good kidney function

Question 30

Describe renal plasma (creatinine) clearance

Answer 30

kidney's ability to remove substances from blood

Question 31

what does it mean if renal plasma clearance is LOW?

Answer 31

Low renal plasma clearance indicates poor kidney function or kidney failure.

Question 32

Describe the micturation reflex (this is an autonomic reflex)

Answer 32

Allow you to pee when bladder is full detrusor muscle contracts and the internal urethral sphincter relaxes, leading to the release of urine from the bladder

Question 33

What is the purpose of dialysis?

Answer 33

external way to clean out plasma by removing nitrogenous wastes from body return clean plasma to body

Question 34

Albumin

Answer 34

damage to filtration membrane due to injury or disease/infections, high BP, toxins

Question 35

Ketones

Answer 35

primarily diabetes mellitus but also anorexia/starvation, low carb diet

Question 36

Microbes

Answer 36

infections in the urinary tract—urine should be sterile

Question 37

Glucose

Answer 37

primarily diabetes mellitus but also stress which causes release of epinephrine/norepinephrine and cortisol

Question 38

Crystals

Answer 38

salts that precipitate out—found in a person with a kidney stone

Question 39

Red blood cells

Answer 39

acute inflammation from disease or kidney stones, tumors, trauma and kidney disease

Question 40

White blood cells

Answer 40

result of response to infection—called pyuria