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Pathology 1 > Week 11 - Part 2 > Flashcards

Week 11 - Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is ECF?

A

Extracellular Fluid - it is the fluid found outside the cells in the body

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2
Q

What is ICF?

A

Intracellular Fluid - which is the fluid inside the cells of the body

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3
Q

The process where particles move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until they are evenly spread out is referred to as?

A

Diffusion

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4
Q

What is the medical term for swelling caused by a buildup of fluid in the body’s tissues?

A

Edema

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5
Q

What hormone helps the body regulate water balance by reducing urine production and conserving water in the kidneys?

A

ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone)

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6
Q

What is a measure of the concentration of dissolved particles (solutes) in a solution?

A

Osmolarity

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7
Q

What kind of receptors control the amount of sodium and water the kidneys remove by adjusting the signals from the sympathetic nervous system and ADH?

A

Baroreceptors

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8
Q

What is in charge of reabsorption of Na & H20?

A

Aldosterone

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9
Q

Where is the thirst mechanism located?

A

In the hypothalamus

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10
Q

What hormone controls amount of fluid leaving the body in the urine?

A

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

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11
Q

What is the group of hormones that help regulate the balance of sodium and water in the body, as well as control blood pressure?

A

Natriuretic peptide hormones

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12
Q

Edema is excess amount of fluid in where?

A

interstitial area

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13
Q

What causes swelling or enlargement of tissues?

A

Edema

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14
Q

Does dehydration affect ECF or ICF first?

A

Affects ECF first then ICF

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15
Q

Fluid loss is measured by?

A

Change in body weight

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16
Q

What is the decrease percentage of severe dehydration?

A

8% decrease

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17
Q

What are (6) causes of dehydration?

A
  • Vomiting
  • Diarrhea
  • Excess sweating
  • DKA
  • Inadequate intake
  • Use of concentrated formula (infants)
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18
Q

What are (6) manifestations of dehydration?

A
  • Dry mucous membranes
  • Decreased skin turgor or elasticity
  • Low BP, weak pulse
  • Fatigue
  • Increased hematocrit
  • Decreased mental function, confusion, LOC
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19
Q

What is the most abundant cation in the ECF?

A

Sodium

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20
Q

Where is sodium absorbed and eliminated?

A

Absorbed in GI tract and eliminated by
kidneys

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21
Q

Disorders of Na+ concentration produce a change in the osmolality where?

A

In the ECF

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22
Q

What is movement of water from ECF to ICF?

A

Hyponatremia

23
Q

What is movement of water from ICF to ECF?

A

Hypernatremia

24
Q

In Hyponatremia, serum sodium level is less than?

25
Hyponatremia results from (2)?
Excess Na loss or water gain
26
Different causes of decreased concentration in hyponatremia? (4)
* Hypertonic (hyperglycemia) * Hypotonic (Water retention) * Hypovolemic (Excess sweating/exercise, diarrhea) * Hypervolemic (Accompanied by edema)
27
What are early manifestations of hyponatremia? (4)
* Fingerprint edema * Muscle cramps, weakness & twitching * Hypotension, tachycardia, weak, thready pulse * N&V, abdo cramps
28
What are treatment options for hyponatremia? (2)
- Restore Na levels: Saline solution/hypertonic saline - Loop diuretic (furosemide)
29
If severe hyponatremia occurs under 48 hrs, what should the nurse give?
Rapid treatment with 3% NS
30
If severe hyponatremia occurs over 48 hrs, what can happen?
May cause dramatic change in brain cell volume
31
In Hypernatremia, serum sodium level is more than?
145 mmol
32
What happens to ECF in hypernatremia?
ECF becomes hypertonic
33
Hypernatremia leads to dehydration of?
The cells
34
What are common causes of hypernatremia?
- Water loss - Sodium gain
35
Causes of hypernatremia? (7)
* Loss of water from respiratory tract * Watery diarrhea * Hypertonic tube feeds with inadequate amount of water * Excess Na intake * Cardiac arrest (medications) * Deprivation of water * Renal failure
36
What are manifestations of hypernatremia? (7)
- Thirst - Decreased urine output - Increased urine osmolality - Skin warm, flushed, decreased turgor - Increase serum osmolality - Dry mucous membranes - Decreased reflexes
37
Diagnosis of hypernatremia? (2)
* History and physical – signs of dehydration * Labs
38
Where is potassium absorbed?
Absorbed in proximal tubule and loop of Henle
39
Where is potassium secreted?
Secreted in distal and cortical tubules for elimination
40
What is the most abundant cation in the ICF?
Potassium
41
What electrolyte plays a role in conducting nerve impulses & excitability of muscles?
Potassium
42
Insulin increases cellular uptake of what electrolyte?
Potassium
43
Does muscle contraction increase or decrease potassium in ECF?
Increase
44
Hypokalemia is when potassium is under how many mmol?
Less than 3.5 mmol
45
What causes the resting membrane of the cell to become more negative?
Hypokalemia
46
What are (3) causes of hypokalemia?
- Inadequate intake - Excessive loss - Transcellular shifts
47
Foods high in potassium? (2)
- Bananas - Orange juice
48
Hypokalemia is when potassium is more than how many mmol?
Greater than 5.0 mmol
49
What are (3) general causes of hyperkalemia?
- Decreased renal elimination - Movement from ICF to ECF - Rapid IV administration
50
What are (2) manifestations of hyperkalemia include?
* ECG changes: peaked T waves * Cardiac arrest
51
Treatment in emergency for hypokalemia? (4)
* Calcium * Sodium bicarbonate * Beta-agonist * Insulin and glucose
52
What is a clinical test used to detect low calcium levels (hypocalcemia) in the body?
Trousseau’s sign
53
What is a test where tapping the face causes muscle twitching, indicating possible low calcium levels in the body?
Chvostek sign
54
What is a condition characterized by muscle cramps, spasms, or sustained contractions?
Tetany

Pathology 1 (14 decks)

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