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Pathology 1 > Week 12 - fractures > Flashcards

Week 12 - fractures Flashcards

1
Q

What is the thin, tough layer of tissue that covers the outer surface of bones, except at the joints where bones meet?

A

Periosteum

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2
Q

What is the spongy tissue inside bones that makes blood cells and stores energy?

A

Bone marrow

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3
Q

What represents a disruption in the continuity of a bone?

A

Fracture

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4
Q

When more stress is placed on the bone than it is able to absorb, it causes a?

A

Fracture

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5
Q

(3) General causes of fractures?

A
  • Caused by sudden injury
  • Fatigue stress, excess stress to bone
  • Pathologic stress
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6
Q

What are (3) main locations of fractures?

A
  • Proximal, midshaft, distal
  • Head/neck of bone
  • Condyle, malleolus
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7
Q

What is a rounded, smooth area at the end of a bone, typically found in joint?

A

A condyle

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8
Q

What is a bony bump found on each side of the ankle?
-> It helps stabilize and support the ankle joint

A

Malleolus

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9
Q

The type of fracture is determined by what (3) characteristics?

A
  • open/closed
  • Degree of #
  • Character of # pieces
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10
Q

What are (2) Direction/Pattern for a fracture?

A
  • Transverse #
  • Spiral
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11
Q

What are manifestations of a fracture? (9) name a few

A
  • pain
  • ecchymosis (bruise)
  • swelling loss of function
  • crepitus
  • abnormal mobility
  • deformity
  • muscle spasm
  • numbness
  • tenderness
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12
Q

What is the medical term for bruise?

A

Ecchymosis

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13
Q

What is the crackling, popping, or grinding sound or sensation that occurs when bones, joints, or tissues rub together?

A

Crepitus

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14
Q

(3) Diagnosis test for fractures?

A
  • X-ray
  • CT scan
  • Bone scan
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15
Q

(3) treatment goals for fracture?

A
  • Reduction
  • Immobilization
  • Preserve and restore function
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16
Q

What are (4) principles of bone healing?

A
  • Hematoma formation
  • Soft tissue callus
  • Ossification
  • Remodeling
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17
Q

What play a role in the repair process by bringing in nutrients and cells needed for healing in the periosteum?

A

Blood vessels

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18
Q

New blood vessels form in the injured area to supply oxygen and nutrients, which are essential for tissue repair and bone regeneration, this is known as?

A

Neovascularization

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19
Q

What is created to stabilize the area and provide a framework for new bone cells to grow?

A

Formation of fibrin meshwork

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20
Q

What proteins signal cells to start repairing and rebuilding the damaged bone and tissue?

A

Growth factors

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21
Q

What is a soft, temporary structure made of connective tissue forms at the fracture site to begin stabilizing the broken bone?

A

Procallus

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22
Q

What type of cells produce collagen and help form connective tissue?

A

Fibroblasts

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23
Q

What type of bone-building cells that help regenerate new bone?

A

Osteoblasts

24
Q

What (2) cells migrate to the fracture site to start the repair process?

A
  • Fibroblasts
  • Osteoblasts
25
What type of callus develops to connect bone fragments that bridge the gap between the broken bone pieces?
Fibrocartilaginous callus
26
What are deposited into the soft fibrocartilage callus, turning it into a hard, bony callus?
Mineral salts
27
Do the osteocytes work outwards to inwards or inwards to outwards?
Osteoblasts start on the outer surface of the bone and progress inward
28
The initial fibrocartilage callus is gradually replaced by?
Spongy bone
29
What are cells that break down and remove dead or damaged bone tissue. This helps clean up the area, preparing it for new bone growth.
Osteoclasts
30
What type of bone replaces spongy bone at periphery over time?
Compact bone
31
What influences fracture healing? (5)
* Nutritional status * Age * Co-morbidities * Medication * Smoking
32
After a fracture, function usually returns how many months later?
6 months
33
What is a condition of increased pressure within a limited space?
Compartment syndrome
34
If the pressure is high in limited space, then tissue circulation is?
Compromised, and permanent damage may occur
35
Compartment syndrome may develop from (3) things:
1. Decreased compartment size (cast, dressing) 2. Increase in volume of contents (trauma, bleeding, swelling) 3. Combination of both
36
Manifestations of compartment syndrome? (3)
* severe pain – hallmark symptom * Paresthesia – nerve compression * diminished pulses
37
What is a hallmark symptom of compartment syndrome?
Severe pain
38
Physician can check pressure of compartment with?
A needle
39
Muscle necrosis can occur in how many hours?
4-8 hours
40
Is treatment for compartment syndrome an emergency?
Yes! Check pulses and remove cast or dressing, and elevate limb
41
What is a surgery to cut open the tissue around muscles to relieve pressure and prevent further damage if compartment syndrome is severe?
Fasciotomy
42
Presence of fat droplets in small vessels released from bone marrow due to long bone # describes?
Fat Embolism Syndrome
43
How does fat droplets enter circulation in fat embolism syndrome?
- Via torn veins
44
What kind of rash will appear on chest after 2 days of fat embolism syndrome?
Petechiae rash
45
Manifestations of fat embolism syndrome?
* Respiratory failure, cerebral dysfunction and skin/mucosal petechiae
46
Initial symptoms of fat embolism syndrome begin when?
Within a few hours to 3-4 days after injury
47
Highest risk period of fat embolism syndrome is when?
within 1 week of injury
48
What are (2) diagnostics tests for fat embolism syndrome detection?
* Urgent CXR (chest xray) * ABGs
49
Fat embolism syndrome treatment? (3)
* Prevent with early stabilization of fractures * Supportive care: O2, IV fluids etc. * Corticosteroids to decrease inflammatory response
50
What are (3) Complications of Fracture Healing?
- Malunion - Delayed union - Nonunion
51
Deformity at fracture (#) site and deformity on Xray describes which fracture healing complication?
Malunion
52
Not healing in predicted time and inadequate immobilization or reduction describes which fracture healing complication?
Delayed union
53
Failure to heal before process stops, pain on weight bearing, and Muscle atrophy/loss ROM describes which fracture healing complication?
Nonunion
54
What forms when parts of the skin's epidermis die, causing it to separate from the dermis due to fluid buildup?
Fracture blisters
55
What is the medical term for blisters?
Skin bullae
56
Where are (3) places that fracture blisters most commonly occur?
- Ankle - Elbow - Knee
57
What occurs with more severe with motor vehicle accidents & falls and has an increased risk for infection?
Fracture blisters

Pathology 1 (14 decks)

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