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Pathology 1 > Week 6 > Flashcards

Week 6 Flashcards

1
Q

________ perfusion is the process of delivery of blood to a capillary bed in the
biological tissue

A

Tissue

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2
Q

___________ is an abnormal bulging of and arterial wall (“a widening”)

A

Aneurysm

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3
Q

What (3) major arteries are affected by a stroke?

A
  • Middle cerebral artery (Most common)
  • Posterior cerebral artery
  • Anterior cerebral artery
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4
Q

_______________ is an abnormally low flow of blood to tissues

A

Ischemia

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5
Q

An ____________ is a blockage or occlusion that forms when a blood clot or other
foreign particle moves through the circulation

A

Embolism

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6
Q

What are (2) main types of stroke?

A
  • Ischemic
  • Hemorrhagic
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7
Q

What type of stroke occurs when a blood vessel supplying blood to the brain is obstructed?

A

Ischemic stroke

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8
Q

What type of stroke occurs when a weakened blood vessel ruptures?

A

Hemorrhagic

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9
Q

(3) Subtypes of Ischemic
stroke?

A
  • Large vessel (thrombotic stroke)
  • Small vessel stroke (lacunar infarct)
  • Cardiogenic embolic
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10
Q

Ischemic stroke is caused by _____________ or _____________?

A
  1. Thrombosis
  2. Emboli
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11
Q

Ischemic Stroke risk Factors (11):

A
  • Age
  • Gender
  • Race
  • Family history
  • Hypertension —-
  • Cigarette smoking
  • Diabetes mellitus
  • Asymptomatic carotid stenosis
  • Sickle cell disease —-
  • Hyperlipidemia
  • Atrial fibrillation —-
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12
Q

(5) main mechanisms of stroke
subtypes:

A
  1. Large artery atherosclerotic disease
  2. Small vessel or penetrating artery
    disease
  3. Cardiogenic emboli
  4. Cryptogenic stroke
  5. Unusual causes
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13
Q

______________ is a region that is salvageable brain tissue surrounding the core infarct

A

penumbra

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14
Q

___________ is a region that is irreversibly damaged brain

A

Ischemic core

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15
Q

_________________________ is the pressure exerted by fluids such as cerebrospinal fluid inside the skull and on the brain tissue

A

Intracranial pressure

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16
Q

Thrombotic Stroke Affects the cerebral cortex which manifests as (2):

A

Aphasia and neglect

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17
Q

lacunar infarct is AKA?

A

Small vessel stroke

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18
Q

_____________________ Result from occlusion of smaller penetrating branches of large cerebral arteries like the middle and posterior cerebral arteries

A

Small vessel stroke

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19
Q

Healing lacunar infarcts leave behind ____________

A

Lacunae

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20
Q

Cause lacunar syndromes including (4):

A
  • pure motor hemiplegia
  • pure sensory hemiplegia
  • dysarthria
  • weakness of one hand, especially
    when client writing
21
Q

__________________ is defined as a “Ministroke”, which is a temporary disturbance in cerebral blood flow
which reverses before infarction occurs

A

Transient Ischemic Attacks (TIA)

22
Q

____________________ is caused by a moving blood clot that travels from its origin to the brain

A

Cardiogenic Embolic Stroke

23
Q

Most cerebral emboli originate from
thrombus in ___________?

A

left heart

24
Q

(5) Stroke Manifestations:

A
  1. Motor & Somatosensory
    symptoms: weakness &
    numbness
  2. Language/speech
  3. Vision impairment
  4. Balance & movement
  5. Headache (hemorrhagic
    stroke)
25
If they have weakness then it impacts ________ functions. If they have numbness then it impacts ________ functions
1. Motor 2. Sensory Overall ACA or MCA is affected
26
Poor comprehension of others and written materials is ________ area affected. Articulation of fluid speech is ________ area affected
1. Wernicke's area 2. Broca's area Overall MCA is affected
27
When vision problems occur with stroke, ___________ area is affected
Occipital area Overall PCA area is affected
28
___________________ refers to the loss of half of a vision on both eyes
hemianopia
29
Balance and movement is controlled by ______________?
Cerebellum Mainly PCA is affected
30
Sudden severe headache is a symptom of a _____________ stroke
Hemorrhagic
31
___________________ refers to a temporary and painless loss of vision in one eye
Amaurosis fugax
32
_________ describes poor muscle control that causes clumsy movements
Ataxia
33
Diagnostic tests of Acute Stroke (2):
- CT scan - MRI
34
Vascular imaging accomplished by (4):
- CT angiography (CTA) - Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) - Catheter based conventional arteriography - Ultrasonography
35
Goals for Acute Ischemic Stroke (3):
* salvaging brain tissue * preventing secondary stroke * minimizing long-term disability
36
Reperfusion techniques include (3):
* thrombolytic therapy: tPA * catheter-directed mechanical clot/disruption * augmentation of CPP (cerebral perfusion pressure) during acute stroke
37
Risk of stroke recurrence is highest in _______ week after stroke or TIA
First
38
Most common hemorrhagic stroke type is?
Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage (SAH)
39
Hemorrhage in the brain tissue results in compression of the brain tissues due to (2):
* Expanding hematoma * Tissue Edema compression of brain contents
40
Most common Risk Factors for Hemorrhagic Stroke (2):
* Advancing age * Hypertension
41
An __________________________ is an abnormal tangle of blood vessels that causes problems with the connections between your arteries and veins
Arteriovenous malformation (AVM)
42
The _____________ hypothesis states that any increase in volume of one constituent must be compensated by a decrease in volume of another
Monro-Kellie
43
Most common hemorrhagic stroke manifestations after rupture (3):
- Sudden and severe headache. - Severe bleeding can cause collapse and loss of consciousness. - Vomiting
44
______________ = Neck stiffness
Nuchal rigidity
45
_________________________ is the narrowing of the arteries caused by a persistent contraction of the blood vessels
Vasospasm
46
___________ is a drug that blocks calcium channels and acts selectively on cerebral blood vessels to dilate them.
Nimodipine
47
Where do brain aneurysms typically form?
Bifurcations in blood vessels
48
If the hematoma is large, what complications can occur?
- Rebleed again - Vasospasms - Increased Intracranial pressure (ICP)
49
_____________________ is on the same side of the body
Ipsilateral

Pathology 1 (14 decks)

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