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Human Conditions I OTD7160 > Week 11 Terms: Mental Health; Stigma, Mood Disorders, Schizophrenia, and Anxiety > Flashcards

Week 11 Terms: Mental Health; Stigma, Mood Disorders, Schizophrenia, and Anxiety Flashcards

(48 cards)

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1
Q

Stigma

A

A mark of disgrace associated with a particular quality or person

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2
Q

Dangers of Mental Health Stigma

A
  • Discrimination; obvious & direct/subtle and/or unintentional
  • Reluctance to seek hlep/treatment
  • Fewer opportunities for work, school, socialization and or housing
  • Violence or Harrassment
  • Limited Health Insurance Coverage
  • Diminished hope/belief in recovery
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3
Q

True/False
Mental Health problems are more prevalent than heart disease, lung disease, and cancer combined.

A

True

Mental health also receives less reasearch $$ and less public support

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4
Q

Half of all mental illness occurs before age…
A. 14
B. 20
C. 24
D. 30

A

A. 14
Half of all menal illness occurs before age 14.
3/4 begin before age 24

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5
Q

Causes of Mental Illness

A

There is no SINGLE cause for mental illness
A number of factors can contribute to risk:
* Early adverse life experiences, such as trauma or a history of abuse
* Experiences related to other chronic medical conditions, such as cancer or diabetes
* Biological factors or chemical imbalances in the brain
* Use of alcohol or drugs
* Having feelings of loneliness or isolation

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6
Q

Common Comorbidity in Mental Health

A

Substance Abuse
Developmental Disorders
Heart Disease
Cancer

Poor mental health increases the risk of chronic conditions & vice versa

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7
Q

Mood Disorder

A

Expriencing an extreme in the continuum of typical moods
Depression Mania
low/sad/unpleasant Elevated/elated/energized

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8
Q

Types of Mood Disorders

A

Depressive Disorder
Bipolar Disorders

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9
Q

True/False
Depressive disorders are also called unipolar.

A

True

Called unipolar as it is only one side of the affective spectrum

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10
Q

Types of Bipolar Disorders

A

Bipolar I
One or more manic or mixed episodes
Bipolar II
One or more depressive episodes and at lease one hypomanic episode
Cyclothymic disorder
At least 2 years of fluctuating hypomania & depressive symptoms

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11
Q

Major Depressive Disorder

A

One or more major depressive episode(s) lasting 2 weeks or more

At least 5 of the following symptoms consistently
* diminished interest/pleasure
* depressed mood
* significant weight loss or weight gain
* insomnia or hypersomnia
* psychomotor agitation or retardation
* fatigue or loss of energy
* feelings of worthlessness or excessive/inappropriate guilt
* diminished ability to concentrate/indecisiveness
* recurrent thoughts of death, recurrent SI, a suicide plan or attempt

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12
Q

SIG-E-CAPS

Depression Mnemonic

A

Sleep Changes (insomnia, hypersomnia)
Interest loss ‘anhedonia’
Guilt or low self-esteem

Energy level (loss of energy, low energy, or fatigue)

Concentration (poor concentration, forgetfulness)
Appetite changes (loss of appetite or increased appetite
Psychomotor changes (agitation/slow physical & emotional reactions)
Suicidal ideations (active or passive thoughts?)

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13
Q

What does depression in older adults look like?

A
  • Fewer complaints of sadness
  • Cognitive and psychomotor slowing (or agitation)
  • Complain of poor concentration and memory
    out of proportion to actual daily life problems or results of cognitive testing
  • May have physical symptoms, hypochondriasis

More likely to complete suicide over age 65
13% of population, but 25% of suicides

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14
Q

Risk Factors for Suicide

A

Living alone
Males
Alcoholism
Comorbid physical illnesses

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15
Q

Medical Interventions for Depression

A

SSRI
SNRI
ECT Electro-Convulsive Therapy; induces a seizure with electricity
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation; device used to provide a magnetic stim over a certain brain area

Meds are usually the first intervention combined with psychotherapy

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16
Q

Mania

A

Abnormally and persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood and increased activity or energy, lasting at least 1 week

PLUS 3 or more of the following
* Inflated self-esteem or grandiosity.
* Decreased need for sleep (e.g., feels rested after only 3 hours of sleep).
* More talkative than usual or pressure to keep talking.
* Flight of ideas or subjective experience that thoughts are racing.
* Distractibility
* Increase in goal-directed activity or psychomotor agitation
* Excessive involvement in high-risk activities
* Marked impairment in functioning, high-risk of self harm or psychotic features
* Episode is not attributable to substance use or other medical condition

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17
Q

What are the types of Bipolar Disorders?

A

Bipolar I Disorder: One or more manic or mixed episodes

Bipolar II Disorder: One or more depressive episodes and at least one hypomanic episode

Rapid Cycling refers to a rapid shift between the two.

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18
Q

Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymic Disorder)

A

Less Severe, Chronic Depression
At least 2 years vs/ episodically

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19
Q

Hypomanic Disorder

A

Elevated, Expansive or Irritable Mood
Less Intense and Without Impaired Functioning

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20
Q

Cyclothymic Disorder

Study These Flashcards
A

At least 2 years of fluctuating hypomania and depressive symptoms

21
Q

What are some OT Interventions for Mood Disorders

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A
  • Cognitive-behavioral interventions
  • Sensory processing
  • Re-establishing routines
  • Education and/or employment
  • Peer support programs
  • Exercise & physical activity
  • Social participation
  • Sleep hygiene
  • Spiritual participation
22
Q

Psychosis

Study These Flashcards
A

Psychotic-being out of touch with reality

23
Q

What are the main symptoms of psychosis?

Study These Flashcards
A

Hallucinations
Delusions

24
Q

True/False
Psychosis is a symptom that means the client has schizophrenia.

Study These Flashcards
A

False
An individual with schizophrenia may have psychosis as a symptom but psychosis does not mean someone has schizophrenia.

25
**Hallucination**
* False sensory experience * Any of the five senses * Auditory is most common * Visual second most common
26
**Delusion**
* False thought or belief * Paranoid – falsely thinking someone or something is out to get you * Grandiose- falsely believing you are very important (famous person or religious figure)
27
**What are positive symptoms of schizophrenia?**
Positive Symptoms (Not typical in other individuals) * Delusions and/or hallucinations * Disorganized speech * Disorganized or catatonic behavior * Marked decline in functioning * At least 2 symptoms * For at least 1 month
28
**What are negative symptoms of schizophrenia**
Negative Symptoms (Absence of typical function) * Flat affect * Social withdrawal * Difficulty initiating activity * Greater impact on function * Related to early onset, poor outcomes & cognitive impairment
29
**What are cognitive symptoms of Schizophrenia?**
* Core feature of disorder * Functional impact * Precede diagnosis * Persist after psychosis abates * Memory * Working memory * Self-awareness * Attention * Language * Executive function
30
**Etiology of Schizophrenia**
We don't know BUT Genetics: Several Genes, No biomarker Prenatal: O2 Deprivation, Maternal Infections Neuroanatomy: Enlarged Cerebral Ventricles, Decreased Cortical Gray Matter, Increased Dopamine Stress: Environment, Minority Status, Urban *Could be the cause*
31
**True/False** Schizophrenia has a slightly higher incidence in women than males.
**False** Schizophrenia has a slightly higher incidence in *men* than *women*. | Women may be diagnosed later in life
32
**What are some side effects of Schizophrenia medicaction?**
* Sedation * Sun sensitivity * Dry mouth * Orthostatic hypotension * Movement disorders * Older ones: movement disorders * Weight gain and diabetes
33
**Types of intervention for those with Schizophrenia**
* Cognitive remediation or compensation * Sensory processing * Social skills training * Supportive housing * Peer support * ADL & IADL training * Supported education and/or employment * OT
34
**What are the common types of anxiety disorders?**
* Phobias * Agoraphobia * Social Anxiety * Most prevalent; least treated * Panic Disorder * Generalized Anxiety Disorder
35
**Anxiety**
The anticipation of future threat * Muscle tension and vigilance in preparation for future danger * Cautious or avoidant behaviors * Significant distress and impairment in social and occupational function
36
**Etiology of Anxiety Disorder**
* Stress * Genetic Factors * Neuroanatomy; dysregulation hypothalmic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis * Neurochemical Factors; cortisol, GABA receptors, serotonin * Cognitive & Psychological factors * Environmental factors; traumatic events, parental temperament, smoking
37
**True/False** Anxiety disorders are more prevelant in females than in males.
**True** More common in females due to socioeconomic disadvantage, gender-based violence, subordinate social status, caregiver responsibility Women are also more likely to seek treatment
38
**What are some treatment options for anxiety disorders?**
Medication (anxioytic) Psychotherapy (Behavioral Cognitive-Behavioral) OT (Relaxion Activities)
39
**List Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders**
Obsessive-compulsive disorder Body Dysmorphic Disorder Hoarding Trichotillomania
40
**Obsession**
* Recurrent and persistent thoughts * Urges or images that are experienced as intrusive and unwanted
41
**Compulsion**
* Repetitive behaviors or mental acts * Compelled to do in response to an obsession or according to rules that must be applied rigidly 
42
**Common Symptoms of OCD**
* Cleaning -Contamination obsessions and cleaning compulsions * Symmetry -Symmetry obsessions - repeating, ordering -Counting compulsions * Forbidden or taboo thoughts -Aggressive, sexual, and religious obsessions and related compulsions * Harm -Fears of harm to oneself or others and related checking compulsions
43
**What are the functional impacts of OCD?**
* Avoid trigger situations * Task completion * Time management * Health management * Social consequences -Misunderstood -Inflexible with changes -Relationship issues
44
**Those with Body Dysmorphic Disorder have a preoccupation with..**
with perceived defects or flaws in physical appearance not observable or appear only slight to others
45
**Hoarding Disorder**
Persistent difficulty discarding or parting with possessions *regardless of their actual value strong perceived need to save the items experience distress associated with discarding them*
46
**Trichotillomania**
Repetitive pullin of one's own hair
47
**Excoriation Disorder**
Recurrent skin picking resulting in skin lesions
48
**What are some functional impacts of obsessive disorders**
Social interactions Relationship issues Medical treatment Surgeries Financial Time Clutter impacts living space *-Safety risk -Difficulty completing tasks -Sanitary conditions -Social relationships -Loss of housing*

Human Conditions I OTD7160 (14 decks)

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