Week 12 Flashcards by Felicity Lamb

Q: What is the difference between growth and development?

Growth refers to physical changes over time. Development is adapting to one’s body and environment through skill progression and complexity.

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What are the universal principles of growth and development?

Cephalocaudal, proximodistal, simple to complex, continuous process, general to specific, individualized rates.

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What does “nature vs. nurture” mean in human development?

It explores the influence of genetics (nature) vs. environment (nurture) on traits and behaviors.

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What are the four types of developmental theories?

Biological, psychological, sociocultural, and life cycle forces.

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What are the 8 stages of Erikson’s psychosocial development?

Trust vs. Mistrust (0–1 yr)
Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt (1–3 yrs)
Initiative vs. Guilt (3–6 yrs)
Industry vs. Inferiority (6–12 yrs)
Identity vs. Role Confusion (12–20 yrs)
Intimacy vs. Isolation (20–40 yrs)
Generativity vs. Stagnation (40–65 yrs)
Ego Integrity vs. Despair (65+)

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What are Piaget’s 4 stages of cognitive development?

Sensorimotor (0–2 yrs)
Preoperational (2–7 yrs)
Concrete operational (7–11 yrs)
Formal operational (12+ yrs)

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What are key physical milestones in infancy?

Doubles weight by 5 months, triples by 1 year, teeth erupt ~6 months.

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What psychosocial stage is associated with infancy?

Trust vs. Mistrust

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What is the cognitive stage in infancy according to Piaget?

Sensorimotor

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What are common health concerns in infancy?

SIDS, injury, dental caries, failure to thrive, crying/colic, abuse/neglect

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Q: What are physical changes in toddlers?

Gain ~5 lbs/year, fontanels close by 18 months, improved vision and motor skills.

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What Erikson stage do toddlers go through?

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

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What cognitive phase are toddlers in?

Preconceptual (early preoperational)

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What are key health risks for toddlers?

Drowning, infections, injury, poisoning

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What is a typical physical change in preschoolers?

Slimmer body, improved fine motor skills, 20/20 vision by age 6.

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What is Erikson’s stage for preschoolers?

Initiative vs. Guilt

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What kind of play do preschoolers engage in?

Associative play

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What are common health concerns in this age?

Communicable disease, enuresis, poisoning, abuse

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What is Erikson’s stage for middle childhood?

Industry vs. Inferiority

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What Piaget stage is associated with this group?

Concrete operational

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What are key health concerns in school-aged kids?

Obesity, asthma, injuries, bullying, communicable diseases

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What is Erikson’s stage for adolescence?

Identity vs. Role Confusion

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What cognitive stage applies to adolescents?

Formal operational

What are major health risks for adolescents?

Accidents, suicide, substance use, eating disorders, risky sex

What is Erikson’s stage for young adults?

Intimacy vs. Isolation

What are common health concerns in young adults?

STIs, obesity, substance abuse

What physical changes occur in middle adulthood?

Gray hair, decreased elasticity, menopause/andropause, decreased height

What is Erikson’s stage for middle adults?

Generativity vs. Stagnation

What are common health problems in this group?

Cancer, obesity, cardiovascular disease

What cognitive changes happen in older adults?

Slower reaction time, short-term memory decline

What is Erikson’s final stage of development?

Ego Integrity vs. Despair

What is the focus of care in older adults?

Functional status and supportive living environments

What are professional behaviors consistent with nursing?

Integrity, compassion, advocacy, ethical conduct, respect, accountability, and a commitment to patient-centered care.

What is nursing accountability?

Acceptance of responsibility for honest and ethical conduct, including reflection, transparency, participation, and integrity.

What is the difference between accountability and responsibility in nursing?

Responsibility is the duty to perform tasks; accountability is owning the outcome and actions of those tasks.

What is nursing advocacy?

Taking actions to support or defend a cause or person, especially patients' rights and well-being.

What are benefits of nursing advocacy?

Improves public health, enhances care quality, empowers patients, improves access, and supports vulnerable patients.

Give examples of patient-level nursing advocacy.

Reviewing charts, educating patients, facilitating care conferences, staying with patients during physician visits, ethics consults.

What is interprofessional collaboration?

Cooperation among various health care professionals to provide optimal, coordinated care.

Why is interprofessional collaboration important?

It improves communication, safety, care quality, patient outcomes, and uses each professional’s expertise.

What are strategies to enhance interprofessional collaboration?

Simulation, team training, clear communication, role clarity, mutual respect, and shared decision-making.

What are the 4 core competencies for interprofessional collaboration?

Values/Ethics Roles & Responsibilities Interprofessional Communication Teams & Teamwork

What are major barriers to interprofessional collaboration?

Complex patient needs, role confusion, hierarchical structure, poor communication, and time constraints.

What are barriers to effective team communication?

Lack of trust, cultural incompetency, unresolved conflict, and structural challenges (e.g., time or location).

What is closed-loop communication?

A standardized method ensuring the message is received, clarified, and confirmed.

What does ISBAR-R stand for?

Introduction, Situation, Background, Assessment, Recommendation, Read-back/Repeat.

Why is ISBAR-R important?

It standardizes communication for safety and clarity between healthcare professionals.

What are benefits of bedside handoff reports?

Verifies client condition, improves communication, involves the patient, and helps prioritize care.

What is medication reconciliation?

Verifying and updating the list of all medications to ensure accuracy and safety.

What are steps in transcribing medication orders?

Receive, repeat/read back, and document correctly using the 7 rights of medication administration.

What are the two main types of nursing errors?

Commission: Doing the wrong thing (e.g., giving the wrong med) Omission: Not doing the right thing (e.g., not turning a bedridden patient)

What is incivility in nursing?

Workplace behavior that harms or distresses others; includes bullying and lateral/vertical violence.

What is lateral vs. vertical violence?

Lateral: Peer-to-peer Vertical: Supervisor to employee or vice versa

What is a zero-tolerance policy?

A strict rule that does not allow bullying, harassment, or violence in the workplace.

What is conflict management in nursing?

Resolving disagreements respectfully through negotiation, shared goals, and compromise.

What is cognitive rehearsal?

A technique where nurses mentally rehearse how to handle difficult or anxiety-inducing situations.

Describe the 5 strategies for handling conflict.

Accommodation: Maintain harmony Collaboration: Solve creatively Compromise: Temporary solution Avoidance: Short-term peace Competition: Assertive decision-making