Week 12: Abdominal & Digestive System Flashcards by Frances Rose

What are the 9 regions of the abdomen?

right hypochondriac region
epigastric region
left hypochondriac region
right lumbar region
umbilical region
left lumbar region
right iliac region
hypogastric region
left iliac region
(right to left on each line)

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What are the 4 abdominal quadrants?

right upper quadrant (RUQ)
left upper quadrant (LUQ)
right lower quadrant (RLQ)
left lower quadrant (LLQ)

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What is associated with RUQ pain?

hepatitis
gallstones
liver access
cholangitis
pancreatitis
cholecystitis

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What is associated with epigastric pain?

GERD
gastritis
perforated ulcer
peptic ulcer
pancreatitis

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What is associated with LUQ pain?

spleen rupture
acute splenomegaly
spleen abscess

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What is associated with right lumbar pain?

renal colic
renal
calculi
chron’s
ulcerative colitis

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What is associated with umbilical pain?

appendicitis (early)
SBO
umbilical hernia
constipation

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What is associated with RLQ pain?

appendicitis
chron’s disease
ulcerative colitis
ectopic pregnancy
hernia

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What is associated with suprapubic pain?

cystitis
PID
endometriosis
uterine fibroids

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What is associated with LLQ pain?

diverticulitis
ulcerative colitis
chron’s disease
ovarian cysts/torsion
ectopic pregnancy
hernia

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What is the route of food in/out of the body?

mouth
pharynx
oesophagus
stomach
small intestine
liver
large intestine
anus

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How does the mouth begin digestion of food?

food is broken up into smaller pieces
mixed with saliva (contains enzymes)

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What are the three pairs of salivary glands?

sublingual
submandibular
parotid

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What are the 5 tastebuds on the tongue?

spicy
salty
bitter
sour
sweet

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What are the different areas of the mouth?

soft palate
uvula
tonsil
tongue

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What is an enzyme?

A chemical catalyst which increases rate of reaction by lowering the activation energy of the reaction they catalyse (does not get used up)

Enzymes are highly specific/complimentary to one type of metabolic reaction

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What is amylase effective on?

starch + amylase -> 2x maltose

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What is the most abundant enzyme in our saliva?

Salivary amylase

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Where is salivary amylase released from?

Salivary glands

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What begins the digestion of carbs?

Salivary amylase

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What is peristalsis?

Co-ordinated rhythmical contractions of the muscles in the wall of the alimentary canal

It is the automatic action stimulated by the presence of food, and occurs in all sections of the alimentary cancel

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What are the different structures of the stomach?

serous membrane
muscular coat
gastric glands
mucous coat

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What are the functions of thr stomach?

churns up food mechanically
mixes food with digestive juice (chemical)
protein digestion begins
2-6 hours later chime passed through pyloric sphincter into duodenum

What is pepsin and its function?

secreted as pepsinogen
breakdown of protein

What the function of hydrochloric acid?

- provides environment for pepsinogen to be activated

What is the function of mucus?

- lubrication and protection of stomach wall

Where is the duodenum located and how long is it?

25cm long and curves around the head of the pancreas, bile duct from liver and pancreatic duct open here

What occurs in the duodenum?

- pancreatic juice further digests protein, fats and carbohydrates - bile further breaks down fats in chyme

What are the 3 main parts of the small intestine?

- duodenum (frist part of small intestine) - jejunum - ileum (main absorption of food takes place)

What is bile and its function?

- stored by gall bladder (under liver) - alkaline liquid - neutralise chyme and break up fat (emulsification)

What is pancreatic juice and what is its function?

- produced in pancreas (extension from duodenum) - enzymes contained continue process of digestion of protein, carbohydrate and fat

What is the gallbladders main functions?

- store bile - concentrates and releases bile into digestive system

What does bile do?

Helps with digestion

What does the gallbladder so when bile is needed?

Gallbladder contracts, forcing fluid through the cystic duct

Where is the gallbladder located?

Right side of the body

What is bile also known as?

Gall

Where is gall produced and stored?

Produced in the liver, passed into gallbladder for storage

What structures are involved in bile secretion?

- hepatocytes- initial secretion - drained into ducts- secretion to SI, accumulation in the gallbladder

What is intestinal juice and its function?

- released by glands of small intestine - breaks down simple sugars to glucose - protien to amino acid

What happens when starch + amylase ->

-> 2x maltose

What happens when maltose + maltase->

-> 2x a-glucose

What happens when sucrose + sucrase->

-> a-glucose + fructose

What happens when lactose + lactase ->

-> a-glucose + galactose

What is the liver?

The largest gland in the body, soft reddish-brown colour

What is the function of the liver?

- receives oxygenated blood by hepatic artery - deoxygenated blood by hepatic portal vein - important in metabolism of food

How is the liver involved in the secretion of bile?

- bile is made by liver and stored by the gallbladder - assists breakdown of fats

How is the liver involved in the regulation of blood sugar levels?

- stores excess glucose as glycogen - some glucose stored as muscle glycogen - surplus glucose converted to fat by the liver

How is the liver involved in the regulation of amino acid levels?

- some removed and used to make plasma proteins - some for use by body cells in repair and growth - excess excreted as urea by the kidneys

How is the liver involved in the regulation of fat content of blood?

- processes and transports fat - excess stored in tissues - regulation of plasma proteins

How is the liver involved in detoxification?

- detoxifies toxic waste, drugs and excretes in bile or through kidneys

How is the liver involved in storage?

- vitamins A, D, E, K, and B12 - minerals iron, potassium, copper

What are the different parts of the colon?

- caecum (appendix) - ascending - transverse - descending - sigmoid

What are the functions of the large intestine?

- absorption of water from faeces - formation and storage of faeces - production of mucous - explosion of faeces

What is the rectum?

- last part of the large intestine - 12cms long - attached to sacrum and ends 5cms below the coccyx

What is the function of the rectum?

Feaces is stored here

What is the anus and its function?

- an opening at the lower end of alimentary canal - anus remains closed, expect during defecation