Week 14: Maternal Anatomy & Physiology Flashcards
(51 cards)
1
Q
What is the earliest sign of pregnancy?
A
A missed menstrual period
2
Q
How long does pregnancy last?
A
266 from time of conception
280 days from first day of the last menstrual period
3
Q
How is delivery date estimated?
A
Based on the last menstrual period
4
Q
What is classified as a normal range for delivery?
A
2 weeks before or after estimated date
5
Q
When is delivery considered preterm?
A
Before 37 weeks gestation
6
Q
When is delivery considered post term?
A
After 42 weeks gestation
7
Q
How does cardiac output change in pregnancy?
A
- increases to 30-50% more by 6 weeks gestation and peaking between 16-28 weeks
- increases another 30% during labour
- after delivery uterus contracts, cardiac output drops rapidly to about 15-25% above normal
- continues to gradually decrease
8
Q
How do white blood cells change during pregnancy?
A
- wbc count increases to 9000-12,000/mcL
- marked leukocytes occurs during labour and the first few days postpartum
- normal adult range is 4500-10500 cells per micro litre
9
Q
How does iron change during pregnancy?
A
- iron requirements increase by 1g during entire pregnancy and are high in second half of pregnancy- 6-7mg/day
- foetus and placenta use 300mg of iron and increased maternal rbc mass requires additional 500mcg
10
Q
How much iron does excretion account for?
A
200mg
11
Q
What are needed to prevent further decrease in Hb levels during pregnancy?
A
Iron supplements
12
Q
What are the functions of the placenta?
A
- protection
- nutrition
- respiration
- excretion
- hormone production
13
Q
What makes up the placenta?
A
Union of maternal decidua and foetal chorionic vlli and its connected to the foetus by the umbilical
14
Q
When is the placenta formed?
A
During the 6th to 12th weeks of pregnancy
15
Q
What shape and size is a fulled developed placenta?
A
- disc shaped
- 15-20cm in diameter
- 2-5cm in thickness
- weighs about 500g
16
Q
What is the function of oestrogen before pregnancy?
A
- helps mature uterine lining
- triggers ovulation
- fosters embryo growth
17
Q
What is the function oestrogen during pregnancy?
A
- causes bodily changes
- stimulates prolactin secretion
- prompts uterine contractions
18
Q
What is the function of oestrogen after pregnancy?
A
- low levels during nursing
- might lead to vaginal dryness and low libido
- normalises with menstruation
19
Q
What id the function of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
A
- produced via the placenta after implantation
- supports the function of the corpus lute, a temporary structure in the overages essential in early pregnancy
- the hormone that is detected by pregnancy tests
20
Q
What is the function of progesterone?
A
- helps establish the placenta
- stimulates growth of blood vessels that supply the womb and inhibits contraction of the uterus so It grows as the baby does
- strengthens pelvic wall muscles for labour
21
Q
What is the function of oestrogen?
A
- helps the uterus grown
- maintains uterus lining
- helps foetal organs develop
- activates and regulates production of other hormones
- with progesterone, stimulates breast growth and milk duct development
22
Q
Where produces hCG and what week of pregnancy does this hormone peak?
A
- produced via the placenta
- peaks at week 10
23
Q
Where is progesterone produced from and when does it peak?
A
- produced by corpus luteum in 0-10 weeks
- produced by placenta 10+ weeks
- peaks at 35 weeks
24
Q
What produced oestrogen and when does it peak?
A
- produced by the corpus lute 0-10 feels
- produced by placenta 10+ weeks
- peaks at 35 weeks
25
What is the function of prolactin?
- the main hormone needed to produce breast milk
- contributes to the enlargement of mammary glands and prepares them for milk production
- progesterone inhibits lactation during pregnancy
26
What is prolactin produced by and when does it peak?
- produced by the piturity gland
- peaks at 40+ weeks
27
What is the function of Relaxin?
- inhibits uterus contraction to prevent premature birth
- relaxes blood vessels, increasing blood flow to the placenta and kindeys
- relaxes the joints of the pelvis and softens and lengthens the cervix during birth
28
What is relaxin produced by and when does it peak?
- produced by the corpus luteum in 0-10 weeks
- produced by the placenta 10+ weeks
- peaks between 5-10 weeks
29
What is the function of oxytocin?
- levels rise at the start of labour
- stimulates contractions of uterine muscle
- it triggers production of prostaglandins which increase contraction further
- if labour doesn't start naturally, it can be used to induce it
30
What produces oxytocin and and when do these levels rise?
- produced by the pitruity gland
- levels rise at the start of labour
31
What is a blastocyst?
A cluster of dividing cells made by a fertilised egg, the early stage of an embryo
32
When does a blastocyst form?
5-6 days after sperm fertilises the egg
33
What happens within the first month of pregnancy?
- start of the first trimester
- ovulation and conception
- during week 4 some home pregnancy tests will detect that you have conceived
- the embryo is just two cells
34
What happens in month 2 of pregnancy?
- signs of pregnancy: extreme fatigue, frequent urination, morning sickness and hormonal fluctuations
- the baby's heart is beating
- the baby's brain is formed
35
What happens in month 3 of the pregnancy?
- embryo officially becomes a foetus
- decreased morning sickness
- fetus is about the size of a plum
36
What happens in month 4 of pregnancy?
- start of the second trimester
- the baby's bone are hardening and will now show up on an x-ray
- the babu is about 5 inches long and weights about 5 ounces
37
What happens in the 5 month of pregnancy?
- you begin to feel the baby start to kick
- the baby's hearing starts to develop
- common discomforts during this month: backaches, indigestion, heartburn, headaches, water retention, dizziness, constipation
38
What happens in the 6th month of pregnancy?
- this month marks the halfway mark in your pregnancy
- ay the end of this month the baby is almost fully formed
39
What happens in the 7th month of the pregnancy?
- possible occurrences of contractions
- baby brain is beginning to process sights and sounds
- the baby is about 13 inches long
40
What happens in the 8th month of pregnancy?
- the baby is fully formed and pulling on weight
- the babus lungs are almost fully developed
41
What happens in the 9th month of pregnancy?
- common discomforts- braxton hicks contractions, pelvic pressure, difficultly sleeping
42
What are the two phases in stage 1 of a vaginal birth ?
- initial (latent) phase
- active phase
43
What occurs in stage 2 of a vaginal birth?
Crowning of the head
44
What occurs in the third stage of vaginal birth?
- after birth, placenta remains attached to the top of uterus
- later the uterine muscles contract tightly, expelling the placenta
45
How can drinking alcohol affect pregnancy?
Increases risk of miscarriage, premature brith and low birth weight
46
What are symptoms/signs of FASD?
Problems associated with:
- learning and behaviour
- joints, bones, muscles and some organs
- managing emotions and developing social skills
- hyperactivity and impulse control
- communication
47
What are the different types of breech births?
- complete breech
- incomplete breech
- frank breech
48
What is pre-eclampsia?
A condition affecting pregnancy women during pregnancy after 20 weeks gestation
49
When is pre-eclampsia more common?
- in first pregnancies
- in those over 35 years old
50
What are the signs/symptoms of pre-eclampsia?
- new onset of hypertension
- protuenuria can be a marker of kidney damage
(up to 6 weeks after delivery)
51
What is the condition called where seizures are present within pregnant women/women who have recently delivered?
Eclampsia
