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Medical microbiology and infectious diseases > Week 15 > Flashcards

Week 15 Flashcards

(51 cards)

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1
Q

What part of the body to enteric pathogens affect?

A

Intestine

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2
Q

What are the three main causes of diarrheal diseases?

A
  1. toxin in food
  2. bacteria colonises the gut then makes toxin
  3. bacteria colonises the gut but doesn’t make toxin
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3
Q

What are the two types of bacterial toxin?

A

Heat and acid stable
Heat and acid labile (affected)

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4
Q

Describe heat labile botulinum toxin

A

large gram +ve, anaerobes, sporulating, and come from soil and untreated H2O

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5
Q

Where does food bourne botulism come from?

A

improperly canned food/ preserves may not show signs of spoilage

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6
Q

What do the symptoms look like for food bourne botulism?

A

1-2 days after ingestion, nausea and vomitting, then motor loss and possibily death (5-10% cases)

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7
Q

What is Infant botulism?

A

Food bourne botulism in honey affecting infants under a year old

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8
Q

What is the mechanism for action for Botulinum neurotoxins?

A
  1. in GI tract, the toxin affects nerve terminations
  2. Toxin is taken into the presynaptic node
  3. Acetylcholine isn’t released into cleft
  4. Smooth muscle cannot contract
  5. causes paralysis
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9
Q

What are some other uses of Botulinum?

A

Overactive bladder/ urine incontinence
Botox
Chronic migraines

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10
Q

Give an example of a bacteria that infects the GI and is enhanced by toxin secretion

A

E.coli

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11
Q

What antibiotic might be used to treat a bacteria that infects the GI and is enhanced by toxin secretion?

A

ciprofloxacin

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12
Q

Why might use of antibiotic cause deterioration of the patient infected by a bacteria that infects the GI and is enhanced by toxin secretion?

A

bacterial death will cause toxin to be released eg. EHEC serotype and shiga toxin

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13
Q

What is the mechanism for action for enterogenic e.coli (ETEC)?

A
  1. ETEC enters GI and 37*c causes ETEC to release toxins
  2. enterotoxins activate cAMP and cGMP second messengers
  3. This activates cellular kinases
  4. Controls sodium and chloride channels in intestinal epithelium cells
  5. Promotes efflux of salt/ water into GI tract
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14
Q

Give an example on bacteria that colonises gut and doesn’t release toxins

A

Salmonella enterica

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15
Q

What gram is salmonella enterica?

A

gram -ve

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16
Q

Where is the otitismedia?

A

Middle ear

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17
Q

Where does the respiratory tract start and end?

A

Nose to alveoli

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18
Q

What bacteria causes whooping cough?

A

Bordetella pertusis

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19
Q

What gram is Bordetella pertusis?

A

-ve

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20
Q

What does fomite mean?

A

Droplet on surface and bacteria survives

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21
Q

Where does Bordetella pertusis colonise?

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A

Cilia of human respiratory epithelia

22
Q

What are the two main stages associated with Bordetella pertusis?

Study These Flashcards
A

Colonisation
Toxemic stage

23
Q

What 2 things does the colonisation of Bordetella pertusis involve?

Study These Flashcards
A

Filamentous haemagglutinin
Pertussis toxin

24
Q

What are the 3 mechanisms of the pertussis toxins?

Study These Flashcards
A

-Tracheal cytotoxin (stops ciliary beat)
-Lethal toxin
-Invasive adenylate cyclase (disrupts Ca2+ and 2nd messaging)

25
What pH does skin have?
pH 3-5
26
What is folliculitis also known as?
a pimple
27
What is a Furuncle also known as?
a boil
28
What is a carbuncle also known as?
puss filled abcess
29
What is erysipelas? and what does it look like?
superficial cellulitis that can spread to the lymph system red cheeks
30
What bacteria causes cellulitis?
Streptococcyl s.aureus
31
What happens with necrotising fascilitis?
Skin dies They scrape the dying skin
32
Which bacteria can spread from a gum infection straight to the heart muscle?
s. aureus
33
Which bacteria causes 'honeymoon cystitis'?
s. saphrophyticus
34
What is the most common fungal skin infection? Where does it like to live?
Candida (some opportunistic like c. albicans) moist areas eg. armpits and groin
35
What shape are the yeast cells in c.albicans?
sphere
36
What form does c.albicans take when it becomes virulent pathogenic? What does it produce?
Hyphae Produces candidalysin toxin
37
What does interdigital candidosis look like?
White plaque between fingers
38
What does oral candidosis look like?
a) red roof of the moth in people with dentures b) pseudomembrenous in HIV patient, white plaques all over mouth,teeth, gums
39
What virus causes chickenpox?
Varicella zoster
40
What virus causes hand, foot and mouth disease?
coxsackievirus
41
Why is Toxic shock syndrome Tsst-1 referred to as a superantigen?
1. MHC class II antigen binds to T receptor on T cells 2. the binding is not as selective so many more cells are bound
42
What three mechanisms allow s.aureus to be a nutrient scavanger?
1. alpha, delta= pore forming toxins 2. sphingomyelinase binds cholesterol 3. gamma= luekocidin lyses leukocytes
43
What toxin causes scalded skin syndrome?
Exfoliative toxin A
44
What is the mechanism for Exfoliative toxin A?
Breaks down desmoglein, cutting cell to cell connections, causing skin to flake off
45
What does PVL stand for? how does it work?
Panton valentine leukocidin Made by s.aureus, lyses leukocyctes and activates platelets causing thrombosis
46
What toxin is made by strep. pneumoniae?
Pneumolysin (pore forming toxin, needed for toxin to adhere, but not too much as otherwise will kill host)
47
What are these examples of? Aflatoxin Gliotoxin Ochratoxin Fumonisin
fungal toxins
48
Mycotoxins
Not essential for bacterial growth, but beneficicial. Not beneficial to human health
49
What shape are tuberculosis?
Straight or curved rods
50
What is unique about the myobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) cell wall?
Lipid rich meaning it doesn't stain well
51

Medical microbiology and infectious diseases (10 decks)

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