week 17 Flashcards by Elspeth Blake-James

Dysuria

Painful pee

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Pyuria

Pus cells in pee (cloudy urine)

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Haematuria

Bloody urine

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What are the two types of dipstick tests to check for a UTI?

Leukocyte esterase
Nitrate reduction

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What is infection of the bladder called?

Cystitis

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What is infection of the kidneys called?

Pylenophritis

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What are the three defence mechanisms the body has against UTIs?

Sphincter integrity
Mucosal defences
Flushing action of urine

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What are the dominant pathogen causing UTI’s?

E.coli
S.saprophyticus

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What are some virulence factors of UPEC?

adhesion (type 1 and P pili)
endotoxin and exotoxins
3.IBCs
antibiotic resistance

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What is mannose?

sugar molecule found on glycoproteins in the bladder epithelium

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What is mannose a binding site for?

fimH

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What is fimH?

mannose binding bacterial adhesin

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What are uroplakins?

Specialised transmembrane proteins found on top of epithelial cells in the bladder, used for protection

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How does UPEC bind to epithelial cells?

FimH adhesin on type 1 pili of UPEC binds to mannosylated residues on uroplakins

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What is GLobobiose?

Sugar on surface of renal epithelial cells

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What adhesin on UPEC binds to globobiose?

PapG II

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How do Intracellular Bacterial communities change during it’s early, mid and late stages?

Early= rapid intracellular growth
Mid= change to biofilm properties
Late= fluxing out and filamentation

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What happens to the bladder epithelium cells after UPEC infection?

Exfoliation

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What exotoxin is secreted by UPEC which causes tissue damage?

Alpha hemolysin
(binds Ca2+ which is essential to it’s toxicity)
(forms pores causing ion leak, osmotic damage)

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What antibiotic is the first option when it comes to treating UTI’s?

nitrofurantoin

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Why are proteus Mirabilis hypermotile?

The flagellum are all over it’s surface

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Why do Proteus Mirabilis grow in waves?

They differentiate into swarmer cells and move forward as a population

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What virulence factor of Proteus Mirabilis causes kidney stones?

Urease
(breaks down urine into NH3, elevating pH, decreasing solubility of Ca2+ amd Mg2+)

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What does zoonotic mean?

Infection caused by microbes from an animal resevoir (harder to wipe out)

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What bacteria causes plague?

Yersinia Pestis

What gram is Yersinia Pestis?

-ve

What will you notice about Yersinia Pestis when it's grown on agar?

It grows in small colonies and is sticky (viscid)

What can help quickly diagnose Yersinia Pestis from just looking at the agar?

Bipolar staining (Dark at both ends and light in the middle)

Is Yersinia Pestis motile or not?

Not motile as no flagellum

Is Yersinia Pestis Obligate or faculative?

Faculative

What are some symptoms of plague?

General ill feeling, hi fever buboes on lymph nodes intermittent septicaemia (becomes constant later on) Convulsion, endotoxic shock intravascualr coagulation in fingers/toes

What are the two transmission routes of Yersinia Pestis?

1. Wild rodent via flea bite 2. Human to human (aerosol)

What is caused by the Wild rodent via flea bite route?

Bubonic plague

What is caused by the Human to human (aerosol) route?

Pneumonic plague

What is the name for the black rat flea?

Xenopsylla cheopsis

Describe the progress of Y. pestis infection?

1. flea bite 2. bacteria in blood stream goes to lymph nodes 3. bacteria enters macrophage 4. inflammatory response 5. leaks into bloodstream 6. LPS shock or lung for aerosol transmission

What are the two virulence factors of Y. pesitis?

a) Plasminogen activator (pla) b) Yersinia outer protein (Yop) Both are plasmid encoded!

What does Pla do?

Protein associated with adhesion/ invasion C3b and C5a components disolve blood clots via action on fibrin

How does Yop work?

Type 3 secretion system Proteins disrupt activities of cell cytoskeleton

What antibiotics are used to treat Plague?

Streptomycin tetracyline

What kind of vaccine is there for the plague?

Formalin (inactivated vaccine, but severe inflammatory)

What gram is Rickettsial?

-ve

What are the two types of transmission possible for Rickettsial disease?

Transovarial (mummy tic to baby tic) Infection transferred via bite to human

What causes the eschar at the site of the tick bite?

Anthropod scrapes away at dermis and defecates near bite site

What is epidemic typhus caused by?

Rikettsial prowazekii

What are human body louse called?

Pediculus humanus corpis

What antibiotic can be used to treat Epidemic typhus?

Tetracyline

What's the most common STI in the UK?

Chlamydia

What is the progression of Syphillus?

1. Sexual contact (or mummy to baby) 2. Painless lesion 3. Swelling of lymph nodes 4. Latency 5.secondary syphillus (rash, lymphs) 6.Latency 7. No further complications OR tertiary syphillus

What is the painless lesion at the infection site of syphillus also referred to as?

Chancre

What percent of syphillus cases continue onto tertiary syphillus?

28%

What symptoms does tertiary syphillus carry with it?

Neurological complications Gummae (necrotic lesions) Bone curvature

Why was the Tuskegee experiment morally wrong?

They monitored afro caribbean men with syphilus until death without treatment

What is the causitive pathogen of syphilus?

Treponema palidum

What gram is Treponema palidum?

-ve

What shape is Treponema palidum?

Spirochete

What is weird about the bacterial envelope of Treponema palidum?

No LPS in outer membrane

What enables Treponema palidum to move in a cork screw movement?

Endoflagellae (in periplasmic space)

What about the Treponema palidum cell membrane proves that it's obligative?

Membrane bound transporters take in host nutrients

What are some virulence factors of Treponema palidum?

-highly motile -lipoprotein in low abundance causes inflammatory response

Why do symptoms of syphilus come and go?

The slow growing organism persists in certain resevoirs of the body, they break out every now and again

What was the old treatment of Syphilus?

Salvarsan (arsphenamine- antibiotic drug)

What is the current treatment of Syphilus?

Penicilin

What does Neisseria gonorrhea look like on agar?

Diplococcus (goes around in pairs)

What does the pathogenesis look like for Neisseria gonorrhea?

1. enters epithelial and passes through 2. encounters macrophages 3. LPS causes inflammation and cell damage 4. Tumour necrosis factor (TNF)- pro inflammatory cytokine

What are the virulence factors for Neisseria gonorrhea?

Type IV pili Invasion (pili allows engulfment of bacterium by epithelial cells) Evasion (phase and antigenic variation)

What is the treatment of Neisseria gonorrhea?

Antibiotics=Cefritaxon, Cefrixime

What percentage of men/ women are asymptomatic with Chlamydia?

Men= 50% Women=70%

What antibiotic is used to treat Chlamydia?

Azithromycin

week 17 Flashcards

(69 cards)