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Week 20 Flashcards

Protozoa (70 cards)

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1
Q

What is a phylogenetic tree?

A

Visual representation of the sorting of all the organisms based on the rRNA and DNA sequencing

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2
Q

Describe what a protozoa is

A

Eukaryotic organism, unicellular
Heterotrophic (can;t make its own nutrients)
Motile, no cell wall
SUPER VARIABLE

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3
Q

What is bigger, protozoa or bacteria?

A

Protozoa

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4
Q

What has DNA in a nucleus, protozoa or bacteria?

A

Protozoa

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5
Q

Which does binary fission, protozoa or bacteria?

A

Both
Protozoa also sexually reproduce

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6
Q

WHich has a not very differentiated cytoplasm, protozoa or bacteria?

A

Bacteria

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7
Q

Which has a flagella, protozoa or bacteria?

A

Both
Protozoa also has cilia made of microtubules surrounded by plasma membrane

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8
Q

WHat is the evidence for protozoa sexually reproducing?

A
  1. Direct observation of gamete formation
  2. genetic evidence (Giardia intestinalis contains meiosis genes in its genome)
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9
Q

What protein are bacterial flagella made of?

A

Flagelin

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10
Q

What movement does flagella provide vs cilia?

A

Flagella= propellor motion
cilia=beats back and forth

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11
Q

Where do protozoa live?

A

Free lviing
parisitic
symbiotic

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12
Q

What are the four types of protozoa?

A

Flagellates
Amoebae
Sporozans
Ciliates

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13
Q

How are the protozoa classified into four groups?

A

Sorted due to motility

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14
Q

What feature do flagellates have?

A

Flagella

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15
Q

What feature do amoebae have?

A

psuedopodia

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16
Q

What feature do sporozoans have?

A

sporozites

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17
Q

What feature do ciliates have?

A

cilia

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18
Q

Give an example of a flagellate?

A

Giardia
Trypanosoma

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19
Q

Give an example of a amoeba?

A

Entamoeba

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20
Q

Give an example of a sporozoans?

A

Plasmodium Toxoplasma

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21
Q

Give an example of a ciliate?

A

Balantidium

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22
Q

What does Giardia Lamblia cause?

A

causes diarrhea
found on the surface waters of the USA

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23
Q

What does Trypanosoma brucei cause?

A

Sleeping sickness in africa

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24
Q

What does Trypanosoma Cruzi cause?

A

Chaga’s disease
Central/ south america

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25
How do flagellates reproduce?
Binary fission BUT... evidence for meiosis in t.cruzi
26
Where are amoeba found?
Fresh or salt water or moist soil
27
What bacteria causes dysentry?
Entamoeba histolytica
28
How do amoeba reproduce?
Binary fission and meiosis
29
How and why do amoeba move?
Theey move via pseudopods (projections pull cell along in a crawling motion) THey engulf food as they move
30
In what phase are sporozoans motile?
Sexual phase
31
When do sporozoans sexually reproduce vs asexually reproduce?
Primary host= sexual Secondary host= asexual
32
What parasite causes Malaria? What kind of protozoa is it?
TOxoplasma Plasmodium Sporozoan
33
How do cilia move on ciliates to cause movements?
in synchrony
34
Give an example of a ciliate?
Paramecium
35
Where would you find ciliates?
Fresh, marine or pond water
36
What does a ciliates' oral groove do?
Drinks water, and contractile vacuoles get rid of excess. Filters water to get nutrients
37
How do ciliates reproduce?
Sexual and asexual reproduction via binary fission (DNA for sexual in micronucleus, macronucleus contains genetic info needed to run the cell)
38
What can Toxoplasma gondii cause that can be serious in the immuno compromised?
Toxoplasma gondii
39
What are the two main routes of entry into the human body for Toxoplasma gondii?
Faecal-oral route Transplacental iatrogenic
40
Which host is the only that Toxoplasma Gondii can reproduce sexually in?
Cats
41
What are the three forms T.gondii exists in?
1. oocyte (releases sporozoites) 2. Tachyzoits (rapidly dividing form) 3. Tissue cyst (contains and releases bradyzoites)
42
What happens if a non pregnant adult or child is infected with T.gondii?
90% asymptomatic 10% inflammation of different organs, then latent infection, then reactivated if patient is immunocompromised
43
What happens if a pregnant woman is infected with T.gondii?
Passes throught the placenta Causes cogenital toxoplasmosis
44
What is the clinical manifestation of Cognenital toxoplasmosis?
Presented at birth or slightly delayed Causes various CNS symptoms.. microcephaly hydrocephaly learning disorders blindness epilepsy
45
How is Toxoplasmosis diagnosed?
based on serological tests (ELISA) Direct observation of stained tissue PCR can detect parasite in amniotic fluid Serological tests (IgG, IgM and IgA)
46
What is the treatment for Toxoplasmosis?
Most cases self resolve.. Drugs target tachyzoite stage Combo of pyrithamine, sulfadiazine and folic acid
47
What is an oocyte of t. gondii?
Thick walled structure that contains the zygote of an apicomplexan parasite and releases infective sporozoites
48
What is a tachyzoite?
A fast growing, invasive actively growing stage of t. gondii
49
What is a bradyzoite?
SLowly multiplying cell form in the life cylce of t.gondii
50
With Malaria, what are the three most commonly overlapping syndromes that can be caused?
Cerebral Severe anaemia Resp distress
51
What are some other minor syndromes caused by Malaria?
Metabolic acidosis hypervolaemia deformed RBCs
52
In what stage of infection of Malaria is each pathology orchestrated?
eryhtrocytic stage (RBC destruction)
53
Where and when was Malaria an issue in England?
16th-18th century Marshy areas had much higher infant motlaity rates (treated with quinine or jeuits powder)
54
What is the current global situation with Malaria?
Equatorial regions Lo GDP countries HIV coinfection with malaria is very severe
55
What type of Malaria is most common in the UK now?
P.falciparum
56
Worldwide, how many cases and deaths form MAlaria were there in 2023?
263m cases 597,000 deaths
57
How often does an 'attack' happen in malaria infection in a tertian vs quartan parasite?
Tertian= every second day Quartan= every third day
58
What stages make up an attack in Malaria infection?
Cold Stage Hot stage Sweating stage
59
What does uncomplicated malaria look like?
Flu like symptoms Fever, sweats, weakness, enlarged spleen p.falciparum= mild jaundice, enlarged liver, increased RR
60
What does severe malaria look like?
ORgan failure and blood abnormalities
61
What is hyperparasitaemia?
More than 5% of RBCs are infected
62
Describe the process of someone becoming infected by malaria?
1. Female mosquito has a blood meal and injects saliva to prevent blood clotting 2.Saliva contains sporozoites 3. Sporozoites travel to the liver 4. They mature into shizonts 5. Shizont ruptures and releases merozoites 6. Erythrocytic stage starts 7. Ring stage: turns into immature trophozoite and gametocytes 8. Trophozoite matures 9. Shizont ruptures causing huge immune response 10.Transferred into another mosquito 11.matures in mosquito gut (ookinete to oocyst) 12.ruptures oocyst makes sporozoites 13. mosquito injects sporozoites at next blood meal
63
How does plasmosium falciparum evade the immune system?
Spends time intracellulary Inside RBSs there are no MHCs to present on RBC as no nucleus
64
Explain how plasmodium falciparum membrane protein 1 works
Infected RBC cytoadhere to endothelial cells of blood vessels via PfEMP1 THis prevents clearance of abnormal RBCs in the spleen Infected RBCs can stick to normal RBCs causing rosetting
65
What stage is Palsmodium Falciparum at at each host and location?
Mosquito Midgut= ookinete and oocyst Salivary gland=sporozoites Human Hepatocyte= sporozoites, merozoites RBC= merozoite, trophozoite, gametocyte
66
How many genes in Plasmodium Falciparum code for sporozoites?
41 specific to sprozoites
67
What is the treatment for Malaria and how does it work?
Chloroquinine enters infected RBC CHloroquinine is protonated in food vacuole Stops haem being made into non toxic hemozoin Accumulates free heam whcih becomes toxic and kills the parasite via oxidative damage
68
There is resistance to chloroquinine in MAlaria. So what drug could be used?
Artimesinin 20x more expensive contains semi synthetic derivatives over 90% efficacy
69
WHat is some vector control for malaria?
Insect nets, killing ponds, sterile insect technique
70

Medical microbiology and infectious diseases (10 decks)

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