week 1A Flashcards by Tania Nolli

3 blood cells

RBC, WBC, platelet

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6 types of lymphocytes

monocytes
neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils
lymphocytes
NK cells

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term used for blood cell production

haemopoiesis or haematopoiesis

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all blood cells are derived from

pluripotent stem cells

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sites of haematopoiesis in embryo

yolk sac, liver and spleen

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sites of haematopoiesis at birth

mostly bone marrow, liver and spleen when needed

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sites of haematopoiesis birth to maturity

bone marrow (sites decrease with time)

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sites of haematopoiesis in adult

axial skeleton: skull, ribs, stream, pelvis, proximal end of femur

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haemopoietic tree (till progenitors)

long term HSC > short term HSC > pluripotent stem cell > lymphocyte progenitor or myeloid progenitors

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lymphocyte progenitors can go on to become:

B cells
T cells
NK cells
dendritic cells

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myeloid progenitor can go on to become:

erythrocytes
platelets
granulocytes
macrophages

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process of making a RBC

erythropoiesis

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where do platelets come from

bud of periphery of magakaryocyte

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3 granulocytes

eosinophils
basophils
neutrophils

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which cell has ‘segmented nucleus’

neutrophil

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where do neutrophils do their work and how

in tissue, phagocytose (die when they do so)

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which cell is ‘bi-lobed’

eosinophil

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which cell: neutral staining granules

neutrophil

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which cell: bright orange/red staining granules

eosinophils

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cell involved in hypersensitivity

eosinophil

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which cell: deep purple granules

basophils

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what cell is circulating version of mast cell

basophil

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basophil granules contain what

histamine

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basophil has __ receptor that binds ___

Fc receptor binds IgE

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which cell: very little cytoplasm

basophil

which cell: large single nucleus, faintly stained granules often vacuolated

monocyte

circulating macrophage

monocyte

lymphocytes can be mature or activated, how does appearance differ

mature: small with condensed nucleus with rim of cytoplasm activated: large with plenty of blue cytoplasm, nucleus 'open'

once fully differentiated blood cells are called

effector cells

how do we identify primitive precursors of cells

- immunophenotyping | - bio-assays

common site for marrow biopsy

iliac crest

RBC life span

120 days

RBC broken down into:

1) globular haemaglobin > broken down into amino acids > into blood stream 2) Haem > bilirubin 3) iron > bound my transferrin and recycled

what hormone regulates RBC production

erythropoietin (EPO) released by kidney

stages of erythropoiesis (6)

1) pro erythroblast 2) polychromatic erythroblast 3) orthochromatic erythroblast 4) erythroblast extrudes nucleus 5) reticulocyte into circulation 6) mature erythrocyte

size of erythrocyte

8 um diameter 2 um thick 1 um at centre

if centrifuge blood you get 3 layers, what are they

plasma buffy coat (platelets and WBCs) haematocrit (RBCs)

normal haematrocit % for men

40 - 50%

normal haematrocit % for woman

36 - 46 %

what regulates RBC ion balance and cell volume

Na+/K+ ATPase (sodium pump)

Na+/K+ ATPase (sodium pump) requires energy but RBC has no mitochondria so energy comes from?

anaerobic glycolysis - uses glucose

HbTe3+ is called ___, what can't this do

methaemoglobin, can't bind O2

what keeps iron in Fe2+ state

NADH from glycolysis

what is glutathione

antioxidant

soem glucose in RBC is produced via hexose monophosphate shunt, this produces what?

NADPH

role of NADPH

maintains adequate levels of reduced glutathione (antioxidant)

reduced glutathione is called

GSH

what is a free radical

reactive molecule with unpaired electrons

reduced glutathione is essential to detox what

hydrogen peroxide

what pathway produces NADPH

pentose phosphate

____ is produced from pentose phosphate pathway reduces ___ gluthantione

NADPH, glutathione

lack of reduced glutathione can lead to what

RBC cell damage

NADPH + oxidised glutathione (GSSG) =

reduced glutathione (GS)

CO2 is transported in which 3 ways

- dissolved in solution (10%) - bound to Hb (30%) - as bicarb (60%)

enzyme in RBC that facilitates CO2 carrying

carbonic anhydrase

protein part of Hb called

globin

each global has 1 ----

haem (Fe2+)

each harm can bind ____ O2

one

foetal Hb has which subunits

2 alpha | 2 gamma

adult Hb has which subunits

2 alpha | 2 beta

normal Hb concentration in male

130 - 180 g/l

normal Hb for woman

115 - 165 g/l

curve for O2 binding to Hb

sigmoidal curve

what is happening at steep part of curve

O2 off loading (VENOUS)

Foetal blood has higher affinity for 02, how will the curve change

shift slightly to left

what does foetal Hb have a higher affinity for 02

to facilitate 02 transfer from mother to baby

name of circulating RBC that isn't fully mature

reticulocyte

week 1A Flashcards

(67 cards)