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Leah URO > Week 2 > Flashcards

Week 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Label the female reproductive tract

A
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2
Q

Label the ovary histology

A
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3
Q

Describe the cells of follicular development

A
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4
Q

What kind of follicle is this

A

Primordial

Primary oocyte surrounded by simple squamous epithelial granulosa cells

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5
Q

What kind of follicle is this

A

Primary follicle

First developmental stage of growing follicle
Primary oocyte surrounded by simple cuboidal epithelial granulosa cells

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6
Q

What kind of follicle is this

A

Secondary follicle

Granulosa cells proliferate & form stratified epithelium (multiple layers of granulosa cells)

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7
Q

What kind of follicle is this

A

Early antral follicle

Characterised by fluid-containing cavity (antrum)
Theca cells differentiate into 2 layers

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8
Q

What kind of follicle is this

A

Antral follicle

Granulosa cells form thickened mound (cumulus oophorus) which projects into antrum

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9
Q

What is corpus haemorrhagicum

A

early corpus luteum

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10
Q

Label the corpus luteum histology (bovine)

A
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11
Q

Label the ovary cross section

A
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12
Q

Where would you find primordial & primary follicles

A

in cortex near ovarian surface epithelium

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13
Q

Label the antral follicle

A
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14
Q

Label the corpus luteum

A
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15
Q

What cell types in the CL produce progesterone

A

small & large luteal cells

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16
Q

What are the origins of small and large luteal cells

A

Theca (small)
Granulosa (large)

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17
Q

label the layers of the oviduct wall

A
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18
Q

Label the uterine tube (oviduct)

A
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19
Q

What parts of the uterine tube are shown

A
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20
Q

What are the 3 layers of the uterus wall

A
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21
Q

Label the uterus

A
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22
Q

Label the uterus

A
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23
Q

What hormone suppresses oestrus and why

A

Progesterone

To prepare uterus for pregnancy. Blocks LH surge (further ovulation)

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24
Q

What does FSH do in dioestrus

A

stimulates development of antral follicles

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25
Q

Draw graph of progesterone & FSH in oestrus cycle

A
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26
Q

Describe the cow oestrous cycle

A

21 day oestrous cycle
17 day luteal phase
3 days proestrus (falling progesterone)
1 day standing oestrus

LH surge mid-oestrus
- ovulation 24 hours after LH surge
- thus ovulation 12h after end of oetrus

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27
Q

When to mate a cow

A
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28
Q

Fill in the table

A
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29
Q

Describe timing of insemination/mating in cow

A

detecting problem because they dont show a lot of signs

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30
Q

Describe timing of insemination/mating in ewe

A
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31
Q

Describe timing of insemination/mating in sow

A
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32
Q

Describe timing of insemination/mating in mare

A

hard to predict because length is so variable

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33
Q

Describe timing of insemination/mating in bitch

A

obligatory anoestrus after oestrus so problem if opportunity is missed

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34
Q

Describe oestrous behaviour in cows

A

standing to be mounted is golden standard (optimum timing)

Bloody discharge on tail shows she was in oestrus 2-3 days ago (not menstruation)

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35
Q

why is oestrous detection in cow critical

A
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36
Q

What are some key strategies for oestrous detection in cow

A

Examine cow >4x per day for >30 min (not when they come in for milking or feeding as they might be distracted)

Classic detection aids (change color)

Remote/electronic aids (monitors position)

Van Eerdenburg’s scoring

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37
Q

How can oestrous be detected in cow by clinical assessment

A
  1. low plasma/milk progesterone (indicates oestrous is imminent if previously high)
  2. clinical detection of large dominant follicle in absence of CL
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38
Q

What factors might inhibit oestrous behaviour in cow

A
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39
Q

What hormones can be used to synchronise ovulation (for AI)

A

GnRH & PGF2a

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40
Q

What are signs of oestrous in ewe and how is it detected

A
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41
Q

What are signs of oestrous in sow

A
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42
Q

What are signs of oestrous in mare and what are some important considerations

A
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43
Q

How can oestrous be detected in mare by clinical assessment

A
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44
Q

What are signs of prooestrus and oestrus in bitch

A
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45
Q

How can oestrous be detected in bitch by clinical assessment

A
  1. assessment of vaginal epithelial cells (shape changes as she comes into oestrus)
    - assessment of vulval softening
    - examination of appearance of vaginal wall
  2. plasma progesterone concentrations
    - detecting rise in progesterone that precedes ovulation
    - follicles release progesterone just before ovulation
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46
Q

describe oestrous and its signs in the queen

A

Has to mate to have LH surge - driven by mating not hormones (often need multiple matings for surge)

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47
Q

What features of this cat indicate that she might be in oestrus

A
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48
Q

What is anoestrus

A

Period where oestrus doesnt occur (not cycling)

Can be normal process

Pigs anoestrus until piglets are removed, mare in winter and dogs after luteal phase

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49
Q

What are some reasons for anoestrus occuring (physiological & pathological)

A
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50
Q

What is silent oestrus

A
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51
Q

Describe silent oestrus in dairy cows

A
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52
Q

List the 2 gonadotrophins and their functions

A
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53
Q

Where are the gonadotrophins (LH & FSH) produced

A
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54
Q

How is the production/release of LH & FSH (gonadotrophins) controlled

A

controlled by GnRH, inhibin, oestradiol

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55
Q

Draw the female HPO axis

A
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56
Q

Draw the hormones of a typical 21 day oestrus cycle

A
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57
Q

What stages of oestrus cycle are in follicular phase

A
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58
Q

What stages of oestrus cycle are in luteal phase

A
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59
Q

Draw a schematic representation of polyoestrus cyclicity

A
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60
Q

Draw schematic representation of pregnant vs non-pregnany sow

A
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61
Q

Describe bitch oestrus cycle

A

non-seasonal
monoestrus (7 month interval between oetrus)
spontaneous ovulator

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62
Q

Draw schematic representation of oestrous cycle of bitch

A
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63
Q

What is the role of prolactin in the bitch

A
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64
Q

How can termination of the luteal phase of bitch be achieved

A
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65
Q

Describe pseudopregnancy in bitch

A
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66
Q

Draw a progesterone profile during non-pregnant luteal phase of cow vs bitch

A
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67
Q

Describe cat oestrus

A

Seasonal (long day breeder)
polyoestrus
induced ovulator (also ferret & rabbit)
- absence of stimulation = ovulation doesnt occur
- absence of ovulation = regression of follicles & no luteal phase

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68
Q

Which phase is longer follicular or luteal

A

Luteal

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69
Q

Fill in the oestrus cycles characteristics table

A
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70
Q

Describe ovarian cysts

A

No/small LH surge:
- Poor follicle quality with low oestradiol production –> insufficient negative feedback on the hypothalamus and pituitary gland.
- Stress or nutritional deficits can also impair GnRH release

Follicular type characteristics:
- prolonged production of estrogen by the cystic follicle –> constant estrus or hyperestrogenism.

Luteal type characteristics:
- Derived from the corpus luteum, these cysts produce progesterone, which suppresses estrus behavior, resulting in no evident signs of heat.

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71
Q

What causes anovulatory anoestrus

A

tiny ovaries

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72
Q

What causes persistent corpus luteum

A

luteolysis gone wrong (not enough prostaglandin)

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73
Q

Label the ovary

A
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74
Q

What are the 2 major structures of the ovary

A
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75
Q

What takes longer preantral or antral follicle growth

A

Preantral (months) compared to antral (days-weeks)

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76
Q

Describe antral follicle selection

A
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77
Q

Describe oocyte growth & communication

A

zona pelludica protects oocyte

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78
Q

What are the phases of antral follicle growth

A
  1. recruitment (of small antral follicles)
  2. selection (medium)
  3. dominance (large)

Most follicles die by atresia

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79
Q

Describe antral follicle recruitment

A
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80
Q

Describe antral follicle dominance

A
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81
Q

Describe what is happening here

A
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82
Q

In what stages of follicle growth are these follicles

A
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83
Q

How is follicular oestradiol produced

A
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84
Q

Describe FSH & LH in oestradiol production

A

Theca cells have LH receptor
LH binding to receptor causes cholesterol to be converted to testosterone
Testosterone goes into granulosal cell
FSH binds to FSH receptor in granulosal cell and causes testosterone to be converted to oestradiol

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85
Q

Describe hormones leading to ovulation

A
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86
Q

Describe the role of PGE2 and PGF2a in ovulation

A

Preovulatory LH surge causes increase in PGE2 and PGF2a
PGE2 => increased blood flow to ovary and dominant follicle => oedema => increased follicular pressure => ovulation
PGF2a => release of lysosomal enzyme which weakens follicular wall and increased contraction of ovarian smooth muscle which increases follicular pressure => ovulation

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87
Q

Describe oocyte maturation

A
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88
Q

Where does the corpus luteum grow from

A

remnants of follicle

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89
Q

Define luteinisation

A
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90
Q

role of LH

A

pituitary hormone
causes ovulation & subsequent development & maintenance of CL

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91
Q

Define luteotroph

A

hormone that stimulates CL (e.g. LH)

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92
Q

define luteolysis

A

process whereby luteal tissue undergoes regression & cell death

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93
Q

define luteolysin

A

a luteolytic factor

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94
Q

describe the formation of the CL

A
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95
Q

In what stage is the CL

A

early
also termed corpus haemorrhagicum

blood clot on follicular cavity

soft & pliable

already producing low level of progesterone

96
Q

In what stage is the CL

A

developing

97
Q

In what stage is the CL

A

Mature

max progesterone production

closed at the top

98
Q

In what stage is the CL

A

Regressing

Irreversible

CL’s take long time to regress

Corpus aldicans = scars from regressing CL’s

99
Q

What are some luteotrophic hormones

A
100
Q

How is progesterone produced in CL

A
101
Q

What are the target organs for progesterone

A

uterus
hypothalamus
mammary

102
Q

What are the functions of progesterone

A
103
Q

What does luteolysis enable

A
  1. release from negative feedback on GnRH
  2. pre-ovulatory follicular development –> ovulation
  3. return to oestrus
104
Q

Describe the structural & functional regression of CL

A
105
Q

What is the key luteolytic hormone

A

prostaglandin F2a

106
Q

In ruminants, pigs & horses, luteolysis requires hormonal communication between what structures?

A
107
Q

How is luteolysis initiated

A
108
Q

Describe the utero-ovarian vascular counter current system for local delivery of PGF2a

A
  1. prostaglandin synthesis by uterine endometrium is released into uterine branch of ovarian artery
  2. PGF is picked up by ovarian artery & delivered back to ovary where it causes lysis of CL
109
Q

Describe CL sensitivity to PGF2a

A
110
Q

Draw CL sensitivity to prostaglandins across species

A
111
Q

Describe the 4 phases of oestrous cycle of cows

A
112
Q

What are the ovarian changes that occur during the different phases of the oestrous cycle?

A
113
Q

What are the uterine changes that occur during the different phases of the oestrous cycle?

A
114
Q

Explain how and when a typical cow resumes cyclicity after calving

A
115
Q

What is the typical reproductive management of cows post partum?

A

examine reproductive health
heat detection
AI
nutritional management

116
Q

Define non-seasonal polyoestrus

A

regular cycle throughout whole year
regular intervals

117
Q

Define seasonal (long day) polyoestrus

A

different pattern of cyclicity throughout year
ovaries inactive in winter
done so foal is born in ideal conditions (warmer months)
winter anoestrus

118
Q

Define seasonal (short day) polyoestrus

A

anoestrus in summer
transition period associated with silent oestrus

119
Q

What factors control seasonality

A
120
Q

describe resumption of cyclicity after seasonal anoestrus in long vs short day breeders

A
121
Q

Describe the transition period in the mare

A

takes 50-60 days
irregular oestrus
transition follicles (not fully developed)

122
Q

How can seasonality be manipulated

A
123
Q

What happens at ovulation (oocyte)

A
124
Q

Define fertilisation vs fertile period

A
125
Q

How long is the fertile life-span of sperm in bitch, cow, mare, camelids, bats, reptiles

A
126
Q

When is ovulation in bitch compared to other species

A

earlier

Ovulation at metaphase 1 (normally after meiosis 2)

Completion of meiosis 2 & formation of 2nd polar body occurs after fertilisation

In bitch you have ovulation of immature (primary) oocytes that can be penetrated but not fertilised

127
Q

What is embryonic diapause

A

Temporary arrest of embryo development characterised by delayed implantation in uterus

Occurs in blastocysts of less than 2% of mammalian species

Induced by seasonal supplies of food, temperature, photoperiod & lactation

128
Q

Where does fertilisation occur

A

first 3rd of oviduct

129
Q

What is membrane fusion

A
130
Q

What happens at fertilisation (sperm & egg)

A
131
Q

Describe cleavage divisions

A
132
Q

What is a totipotent embryo

A

embryo able to give rise to any individual
No differentiation yet
Morula (16 cell) last stage with no differentiation

133
Q

Describe the formation of a blastocyst

A
  1. outer cells within morula more squashed than inner cells
    - outer cells form cell-cell adhesions called tight junctions
    - inner cells have looser lines of communication called gap junctions
    - outer cells pump Na+ into morula, ionic concentration thus rises & water diffuses through zona pellucida: fluid accumulation
  2. when distinct cavity is formed embryo is called blastocyst
  3. gap junctions connecting inner cells allow these cells to polarise as a group
  4. previous cell types result in 2 distinct cell populations
    - outer cells –> trophoblast
    - inner cells –> inner cell mass (ICM)
134
Q

describe hatching of blastocyst

A
135
Q

Name the stages

A
136
Q

In what species is embryo progression continuous vs discontinuous

A
137
Q

Describe fertilised progression in mare

A
138
Q

Describe fertilised progression in rat & hamster

A
139
Q

What happens after blastocyst hatching

A
140
Q

What happens before gastrulation

A
141
Q

Label

A
142
Q

Describe foetal membrane formation

A
  1. primitive endoderm (hypoblast) forms yolk sac
  2. yolk sac enlarges to form reserve for nutrient transfer
  3. extraembryonic mesoderm forms sac that surrounds yolk sac & also folds dorsally to form amniotic folds
  4. a 3rd fluid filled sac forms from out-pouching of hind gut (allantois (collection of waste))
  5. allantois & chorion fuse to form chorioallantoic membrane
  6. amniotic folds form amnion
  7. yolk sac regresses & is replaced by placenta
143
Q

Describe embryo germ layer development

A
144
Q

Describe gastrulation

A
  1. begins at posterior end of embryo, where node arises
  2. cells from epiblast migrate through primitive streak & differentiate into ectoderm, mesoderm & endoderm
145
Q

What is early conception factor

A
146
Q

Describe oxytocin in initiation of luteolysis

A
  1. oxytocin receptors (OXTR) are absent for most of luteal phase
  2. Reappear in endometrium before progesterone falls
  3. oxytocin from CL binds to OXTR which stimulates PGF2a release

OXTR antagonist will delay luteolysis

Increasing oestradiol further increases OXTR expression

147
Q

How many pulses of PGF2a are required to complete luteolysis

A

5-8 over 24 hours

148
Q

Define maternal recognition of pregnancy

A
149
Q

Why is continued progesterone required for pregnancy

A
150
Q

What is interferon tau

A

Embryonic signal in ruminants

  • blastocysts most abundant protein
  • expression initiated during trophoblast elongation
  • expressed by trophectoderm cells
  • stimulated by growth factors (histotroph) secreted from uterus
  • only expressed days 12-24 of pregnancy
  • lack of IFNT linked to embryo mortality because mother doesnt recognise embryo (40% of pregnancies in dairy cows - clinical problem)
151
Q

How does interferon tau (IFNT) exert its action

A

Acts on endometrium

  • suppresses OXTR expression
  • stimulates protein synthesis critical for embryo growth
  • suppresses PGF2a pulsatile secretion
  • indirectly maintains progesterone
  • exogenous administration of IFNT into uterus delays luteolysis
152
Q

What is the materal recognition signal in pigs

A
153
Q

What do we know about the MRP signal in horses

A

Equine blastocyst remains spherical & unattached
- migration is critical for MRP
- produces oestradiol
- produces 3 putative small proteins that suppress PGF2a production

154
Q

What is the MRP signal in primates

A

Chorionic gonadotrophin

155
Q

Describe maternal recognition of pregnancy in dog

A
156
Q

Describe embryonic recognition in rodents

A
157
Q

Describe the timings of MRP in different species

A
158
Q

Fill in the MRP table

A
159
Q

Which parts of female reproductive tract would you expect to be microbiologically sterile & how is this achieved?

At what timepoints could this change?

A

Cervix & everything cranial to this (horns, fallopian tubes etc.)
Cervix provides barrier but dependent on stage (more relaxed during oestrus)

Mating, parturition, oestrus

160
Q

define commensal microorganism

A

Normal flora that inhabit body of animal without causing harm

161
Q

Define opportunistic pathogen

A

Typically dont cause disease in healthy animals but can become pathogenic & cause disease when host’s immune system is compromised

162
Q

What is the typical origin of microorganisms found in female reproductive tract

A

ejaculation from copulation
cleanliness of environment
oestrus (esp. mare - naturally more open)
parturition
retained foetal membranes

163
Q

What would be the consequence of uterus being contaminated by bacteria

A
164
Q

Fill in the table

A
165
Q

What is pyometra

A

infection in uterus (serious and life threatening - must be treated quickly)

166
Q

what is metritis

A

inflammation of uterus (bacterial infection)
refers to whole uterus

167
Q

what is endometritis

A

inflammation of endometrial lining of uterus

168
Q

What can make a bacterial contamination of uterus more likely to occur

A
169
Q

Fill in the table

A
170
Q

What are features of bacteria that influence their potential invasiveness and pathogenicity

A
171
Q

What are some features of female reproductive tract that contribute to resistance to infection

A
172
Q

What immune cells are present in the female reproductive tract

A
173
Q

Inflammation can cause abortion, what host receptors are involved in recognising pathogens and what do they recognise

A
174
Q

fetus is described as being semi-allogeneic. what does this mean?

A

genetic material of organism (fetus) is partially different from that of mother.

can pose immunological challenges as mothers immune system could recognise foetus as foreign

175
Q

What immune mechanism protect neonatal calf from disease

A
176
Q

What are the components of avian male reproductive tract

A
177
Q

Describe avian testis

A

large compared to mammals
increase in size when sexually active
L larger than R
intraabdominal
cranioventral to 1st kidney lobe, ear abdominal air sac

178
Q

Describe avian male reproductive duct system

A
179
Q

Describe avian male breeding vs non breeding anatomy

A
180
Q

Describe avian phallus

A
181
Q

Which ovary is functional in avian female reproductive tract

A

Left ovary

right activated if left ovary removed

182
Q

What can you see here

A

in bird

183
Q

Label avian ovary

A
184
Q

Draw avian female oestrus cycle graph (LH, prolactin, oestradiol, progesterone)

A
185
Q

What do avian follicles produce

A
186
Q

Describe oestrogen-linked preparation for egg laying

A
187
Q

Describe what happens at ovulation in birds

A

Progesterone & LH high prior to ovulation

High progesterone is trigger for LH release & thus ovulation

No CL formed because they dont sustain pregnancy

188
Q

Draw the positive feedback systems of mammalian & avian ovulation

A
189
Q

What is the open period in avian female reproductive cycle

A
190
Q

Where does fertilisation occur in female birds

A
191
Q

What is egg peritonitis

A
192
Q

What are sperm storage tubules

A

In female birds

Avian sperm viable at body temperature (higher than mammals)

Sperm stored for 10-14 days after mating

On egg laying - sperm squeezed out of SSTs –> migrate & fertilise another egg

193
Q

Describe avian egg production

A
  1. Infundibulum:
    - secretes chalazae
    * whitish string like structures
    *hold yolk in position during development
    - approx 1 hour
  2. Magnum
    - albumin laid down around oocyte
    - 3 hours
  3. isthmus
    - inner & outer shell membranes deposited
    - 1-1.5 hours
  4. shell gland (uterus)
    - calcium carbonate added
    - cuticle
    - +/- pigment
    - 20 hours
  5. vagina
    - oviposition
    - seconds to hours
194
Q

What are egg clutches

A
195
Q

What are the timings of ovulation & oviposition

A
196
Q

Describe brooding endocrinology

A
197
Q

What is crop milk

A
198
Q

describe brooding behaviour

A
199
Q

How to deal with broody hens

A
200
Q

How does daylight influence avian reproduction

A
201
Q

What are the sex genes of birds

A

cant used sexed semen in birds

202
Q

How can birds be sexed

A

DNA (not viable when you have many birds)
- blood from nail clipping
- live cells from plucked feather
- eggshell

Surgical (endoscopic)
- view testis or ovary

Faecal steroids

Instrument sexing
- commercial birds
- protoscope in large intestine
- observe gonads through intestinal wall
- males 2 testis, females 1 ovary
- danger of injury

vent sexing (cheap, done commercially)
- needs training & experience
- easier in ratites & waterfowl (phallus)

Autosexing
- color & feather sexing
- possible when M & F birds have different appearance
* sex linked characteristics
- only some species (like chickens)

203
Q

How can oestrus be induced using PGF2a

A
204
Q

How can oestrus be induced by administering for several days & then withdrawing progesterone

A
205
Q

Fill in the table

A
206
Q

What tests can you do to see where in cycle dog is

A
207
Q

When does ovulation occur in relation to onset of vulval swelling in bitch

A

10-14 days
Most common day to mate is day 12

208
Q

What is the nature of oestrus vulval discharge in bitch & why is it red

A
209
Q

When do bitches deviate their tail in relation to phases of proestrus & oestrus

A

proestrus - interested in male, will play but not deviate tail
oestrus - will deviate tail

210
Q

What phases are the vaginal cytologies from and what can you see

A
211
Q

What phase is this vaginal smear from and what can you see

A

late proestrus/early oestrus

212
Q

Which species does this reproductive tract belong to

A

mare

213
Q

Which species does this reproductive tract belong to

A

ruminants

214
Q

What does mare uterus & cervix feel like when its oestrogen vs progesterone dominated

A
215
Q

What kind of follicle is this

A

Early antral follicle in mare

216
Q

What kind of follicles are these

A

pre-ovulatory follicle in mare

Follicles are large and soft

217
Q

What is this

A

corpus haemorrhagicum in mare

218
Q

Describe corpus luteum detection in mare

A
219
Q

Describe cow uterus and cervix tone when oestrogen vs progesterone dominated

A

opposite to mare

220
Q

Describe cow CL on ultrasound

A
221
Q

What does this show

A

Cow

LF = large follicle

222
Q

What does this show

A

Cow

223
Q

What does this show

A

Regressing CL in cow

224
Q

What phase is this

A

Follicular phase

225
Q

What phase is this

A

Mid-luteal phase

226
Q

What phase is this

A
227
Q

What phase is this

A
228
Q

What phase is this

A

Early luteal (recently ovulated)

229
Q

What phase does this suggest
also progesterone concentration in milk of 8ng/ml

<2 ng/ml: follicular phase
2-5 ng/ml: developing or regressing CL
>5 ng/ml: luteal activity

A
230
Q

What phase is this bitch in

A
231
Q

What is the impact of progestin administration during proestrus

A

delays oestrus by bringing progesterone to normal level

232
Q

Discuss biological effect of giving progestin to a bitch that has recently been observed with serosangious vulval discharge

A
233
Q

What are the potential implications of progestin on mammary function

A

mammary hypertrophy

234
Q

Discuss the role of exogenous progestin in causing a pyometra

A
235
Q

What can be seen here

A
236
Q

How does the shift from oestradiol to progesterone by the dominant follicle (due to the LH surge) lead to ovulation?

A

Increased progesterone => increased collagenase (dissolves collagen which occludes over tunica albuminica and basement membrane) => weakens follicular wall => ovulation

237
Q

Describe the process of releasing the oocyte from a follicle

A

Follicular wall bursts releasing oocyte and granulosa cells from granulosa cell anchor point
oocyte carried with follicular fluid into peritoneal cavity where it is captured by fimbria on the infundibulum

Leah URO (8 decks)

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