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Advanced Haematology > Week 2 > Flashcards

Week 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Name the species of malarial parasites that infect humans?

A
  • Five main species that infect humans:
  • Plasmodium falciparum
  • Plasmodium vivax
  • Plasmodium ovale
  • Plasmodium malariae
  • Plasmodium knowlesi
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2
Q

What are the 3 phases of the malarial parasite life cycle called?

A
  1. Sexual
  2. Liver phase
  3. Blood phase (asexual)
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3
Q

Where does the sexual phase take place?

A

Inside the anopheles mosquito - stomach

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4
Q

Describe the blood phase

A

Merozoites adhere to RBC and enter the cell, start to grow and become a trophozoite. The cell contents are used as food. Trophozoites mature into schizonts which undergo asexual replication, produce
merozoites which rupture from the RBC and continue the cycle. Some merozoites mature into gametocytes instead of shizonts, and when released they can then be taken up by a mosquito.

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5
Q

Which species of malaria can infect liver cells and become dormant?

A

P. vivax and P. ovale

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6
Q

What is this dormant stage called?

A

hynozoites

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7
Q

Stages to remember in blood phase

A 
Merozoite 
Trophozoite
Mature Trophozoite
Shizont
Gametocyte
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8
Q

What are the two types of blood films for malaria examination?

A

Thick and thin film

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9
Q

What pH of the stain is generally recommended? important?

A

pH of 7.2 is generally recommended

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10
Q

Name the life cycle stages in the blood cycle of malaria?

A 
Merozoite 
Trophozoite
Mature Trophozoite
Shizont
Gametocyte
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11
Q

What is thin film used for in malarial blood films?

A

view parasite morphology

confirm species of malaria

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12
Q

What is thick film used for in malarial blood films?

A

concentration of malarial parasites.

used to identify quickly if parasites are present

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13
Q

what type of stain is used for malarial blood films?

A

Giemsa is often used, other Romanowsky stains also

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14
Q

Why can thick film not be fixed before staining?

A

thick film cannot be fixed before staining, as fixation would prevent osmotic lysis and dehaemoglobinization

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15
Q

What is the technique for examining thick blood films for malaria?

A

Must focus up and down continually
Routine examination = 100 fields
100 fields = approximately 10 minutes
To obtain the same sensitivity with thin film would take 30 minutes

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16
Q

Which malarial species contains Schuffner’s dots?

A

P vivax infected cells

17
Q

Which malarial species contains Maurer’s clefts?

A

P falciparum infected cells

18
Q

Two chromatin dots are commonly seen with which species?

A

P falciparum

19
Q

Out of P.vivax and P. falciparum which malarial species contains Schuffner’s dots and which contains Maurer’s clefts?

A

P vivax - Schuffner’s dots

P falciparum - Maurer’s clefts

20
Q

Which malarial species contains no dots or clefts?

A

P. malariae

21
Q

Name this malarial species -
• Commonest species in cooler parts of the tropics
• Largest of the malarial parasites
• Cause of much illness and absenteeism

A

P vivax

22
Q

Name this malarial species - Commonest species in tropical areas
• Responsible for most cases of severe malaria and death

A

P falciparum

23
Q

Which malarial species has banana shaped gametocytes?

A

P falciparum

24
Q

In Plasmodium falciparum are the RBC’s enlarged?

A

no red cells are not enlarged

25
Q

In Plasmodium falciparum are there marginal forms?

A

yes

26
Q

In Plasmodium vivax are the RBC’s enlarged?

A

yes

27
Q

In Plasmodium vivax what shape are the gametocytes?

A

round

28
Q

Name this species: slightly enlarged RBC’s sometimes distorted with fimbriated ends or oval in shape. Can contain Schuffner dots

A

P.ovale

29
Q

What are the 2 most commonly seen species of malaria in Australia?

A

P. falciparum and P. vivax

30
Q

Largest of the malarial parasites

A

P vivax

31
Q

Name this species of malaria: Non enlarged, sometimes distorted with crenation, pinkish, bluish and darkened rim, stippling as coarse Maurer clefts

A

P. falciparum

32
Q

Name this species of malaria: not enlarged, not distorted and no change in colour, no stippling

A

P.malariae

33
Q

Besides microscopy how can malaria be diagnosed?

A

Rapid diagnostic test
Serological tests
Molecular biological tests

34
Q

Describe basically how the RDT works

A

In 15mins this test can detect malaria antigens in a person’s blood. Blood from the patient is placed on a test card with certain reagents after 15mins the specific bands on the test card indicate malarial infection.

35
Q

Describe basically how serological tests work

A

Malaria antibody detection using indirect fluorescent antibody test which can identify if a patient has been infected with plasmodium

36
Q

Name two or three microscopic characteristics that differentiate the most common species in the blood life cycle

A

P.falciparum has marginal forms and 2 chromatin dots, non enlarged red cells, banana shaped gametocytes
P.vivax enlarged red cells, round gametocytes

37
Q

List some clinical findings in general malaria

A
  • Fever
  • Chills
  • Headache
  • Malaise
  • Vomiting
  • Diarrhoea
38
Q

List some clinical findings in severe malaria

A
  • Renal failure
  • Hypoglycaemia
  • Severe anaemia
  • Pulmonary edema
  • Shock
  • Convulsion
  • Coma
  • Haemoglobinuria

Advanced Haematology (13 decks)

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