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Advanced Haematology > Week 3 > Flashcards

Week 3 Flashcards

(51 cards)

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1
Q

Are most haemopoietic malignancies acquired or inherited?

A

acquired

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2
Q

Are most haemopoietic malignancies systemic or localised?

A

systemic

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3
Q

Are most haemopoietic malignancies genetic in origin or outside acquired?

A

genetic in origin

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4
Q

Do leucocyte neoplasms originate in a single leukaemic cell or multiple cells?

A

single - clonal - cells travel in bloodstream, lymph system

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5
Q

Are most treatments for leucocyte neoplasms localised or systemic

A

systemic

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6
Q

List some examples of reasons for the direct cause of malignancy. DNA damage caused by…..

A
  • Environmental toxins
  • Radiation
  • Chemotherapy
  • Organic solvents
  • Viruses
  • Epstein-Barr (Burkitt lymphoma)
  • Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1)
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7
Q

What are the 2 classification schemes?

A

French-American-British (FAB)

World Health Organisation (WHO)

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8
Q

What is the FAB scheme based largely on?

A

Morphology, histology

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9
Q

What does the WHO add to the FAB scheme?

A
  • Adds or replaces morphology based classification with
  • Cytogenetics (chromosome analysis)
  • Molecular level changes (gene / protein level changes)
  • Focus on elements that control proliferation, maturation, apoptosis
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10
Q

What are the first two genetic lesions discovered were in leucocyte malignancies?

A
  • Philadelphia chromosome – Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia - t(9;22)
  • Burkitt lymphoma - t(8;14)
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11
Q

What is the translocation that characterises leukaemic cells in Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia (CML)

A

Philadelphia chromosome

Also seen in ALL, AML

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12
Q

In the Philadelphia chromosome there is reciprocal translocation between chromosome _______ and chromosome ______

A

22,9

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13
Q

Tumour suppressor genes code for ________ that resist malignant __________

A

proteins, transformation

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14
Q

Defective or missing p53 gene results in

A

mutations in daughter cells

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15
Q

What are 4 things that gene disruptions may affect?

A
  • Normal differentiation
  • Transcription
  • Cell signalling
  • Apoptosis
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16
Q

Lymphomas and lymphocytic leukaemias are _________ lesions of the _______ system

A

neoplastic, lymphoid

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17
Q

Diagnosis of lymphomas is based on a combination what 4 things?

A
  • Morphology
  • Immunophenotype
  • Molecular genetic characteristics
  • Clinical findings
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18
Q

Internal components of a lymph node include

A 
• Cortex
• Paracortex
• Medullary cords
• Sinuses
Capsule, Follicles, Lymphatics
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19
Q

How can antigenic stimulation result in lymph node enlargement?

A

B cells have been coded to recognise a certain antigen and proliferate. They produce antibodies against that particular antigen and fight the virus or infection.

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20
Q

35 sub types of Lymphomas they are generally divided into two main types which are:

A
  • Hodgkin lymphoma

* Non-Hodgkin lymphoma

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21
Q

What is the strongest risk factor for lymphomas?

Study These Flashcards
A

Altered immune function:
• Immunocompromised
• Autoimmune disease
• Some bacterial and viral infections

22
Q

35 sub types of Lymphomas they are generally divided into two main types which are:

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Hodgkin lymphoma

* Non-Hodgkin lymphoma

23
Q

What is the most common form of haematological malignancy in Australia?

24
Q

What is an example of mature B-cell lymphoma?

Study These Flashcards
A

Burkitt lymphoma

25
Is Burkitt lymphoma a Hodgkin lymphoma or a Non-Hodgkin lymphoma?
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
26
What is the most common cutaneous T-cell lymphoma?
Mycosis fungoides
27
Mycosis fungoides is found in the ______ and ______ and may spread to regional lymph nodes.
epidermis, dermis
28
Sezary syndrome is a variant of mycosis fungoides with _________ ________ _______.
circulating tumour cells
29
Cerebriform nuclei are commonly found in patients with ......
Mycosis fungoides/Sezary syndrome
30
What is an example of mature T-Cell lymphoma?
Mycosis fungoides / Sezary syndrome | • Cutaneous lesions
31
Is Mycosis fungoides/Sezary syndrome an example of a Hodgkin lymphoma or a Non-Hodgkin lymphoma?
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
32
What are the two broad categories of Hodgkin lymphoma
* Nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma | * Classical Hodgkin lymphoma
33
Large ‘Popcorn’ cells • Abundant cytoplasm | • Multilobulated nuclei (popcorn) is a description of the peripheral blood of a patient with
Nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma
34
Is Nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma a B-Cell or T-Cell neoplasm?
B-Cell
35
``` Which lymphoma is this description: Heterogenous group of neoplasms • Derived from germinal centre of lymph node • Four subtypes Diagnostic cell in all subtypes • “Reed-Sternberg cell” ```
Classical Hodgkin lymphoma
36
Describe a “Reed-Sternberg cell”
* Large lymphoid cell * Bi-lobed nucleus or two nuclei * Abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm
37
``` Which Leukaemia is this describing? Morphology (peripheral blood): • Small lymphoid cells • Coarse chromatin • Inconspicuous nucleoli • Scant cytoplasm • Smudge / smear cells common ```
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia (CLL)
38
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia (CLL) and Small Lymphocytic Lymphoma (SLL) are derived from what type of cell?
B-Cell
39
In Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia (CLL) andSmall Lymphocytic Lymphoma (SLL) there is an accumulation of small lymphoid cells in: (3)
* Peripheral blood * Bone marrow * Lymphoid organs
40
This is a description of what type of leukaemia? • Indolent lymphoproliferative disorder of the elderly • Median age at diagnosis is 65 • Median survival 10 years • Emerging targeted therapies offer hope of increased survival • Patient outcome predicted by: • Extent of lymphoid organ involvement • Cytogenetic abnormalities • Degree of cytopaenias
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia (CLL)
41
This is a description of what type of leukaemia? • Rare mature lymphoid leukaemia • Derived from B- or T-cells • Involve peripheral blood, bone marrow and spleen • Lymph node involvement more common in T-cell • Distinct from CLL
Prolymphocytic leukaemia (PLL)
42
``` This is a description of what type of leukaemia? • Small B lymphocytes • Thought to derive from memory B-cell • Abundant cytoplasm • Fine hairy cytoplasmic projections • Cells mainly in bone marrow, spleen • Some in peripheral blood • Lymph node involvement is rare ```
Hairy cell leukaemia
43
What does Pancytopaenia mean?
Low counts for all three types of blood cells: red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets
44
What does Cytopenia mean?
Occurs when one or more of your blood cell types is lower than it should be
45
What is DIC?
Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is a rare but serious condition that causes abnormal blood clotting throughout the body's blood vessels.
46
List the main types of therapy used for leucocyte neoplasms: (5)
* Chemotherapy * Radiation therapy * Supportive therapy * Targeted therapy * Stem cell transplantation
47
List 3 types of supportive therapy for leucocyte neoplasms.
* Erythropoietin * Granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) (look up when these would be used?) * Granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF)
48
This is a description of what type of therapy? Aim to leave normal cells untouched E.g. • Philadelphia chromosome discovered in 1960 • In 2000 an agent that targets the product of the t(9;22) translocation was developed • Tyrosine kinase inhibitor, e.g. Imatinib
Targeted therapy
49
Are most haemopoietic malignancies acquired or inherited?
acquired
50
What is the difference between Small Lymphocytic Lymphoma (SLL) and Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia (CLL)
Diagnosis based on principal site of involvement • CLL: Peripheral blood and bone marrow • SLL : Lymph nodes, other lymphoid organs
51
What is the term for a blood film where both small and large RBC's are present?
Dimorphic

Advanced Haematology (13 decks)

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