week 2 - evolution and natural selection Flashcards

1
Q

what is an evolutionary successful organism?

A

an organism with greater reproductive success than others in the population

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2
Q

what three things are measured when assessing fitness?

A
  1. fitness relative to other genotypes or phenotypes in the population
  2. in a specific environment
  3. reproductive success
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3
Q

fitness

A

the relative reproductive success of a phenotype of a genotype
-alleles that confer the highest fitness on the individuals carrying them will increase their success overtime

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4
Q

mutation in terms of rs and alleles

A

effects on mortality rate or rs are almost always negative or neutral

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5
Q

gene flow in regards to alleles

A

within a population some individuals arrive or leave, thus changing the overall allele frequencies

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6
Q

genetic drift

A

random change in allele frequencies

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7
Q

natural selection in regards to alleles

A

non random elimination of alleles

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8
Q

phenotype

A

the observable qualities of an organism (behavior, ex.)

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9
Q

genotype

A

the internal state of hereditary factors

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10
Q

how could a genetic determinist predict a norm of reaction to look like?

A

if you know the genotype, you know what the phenotype is going to be regardless of the environment

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11
Q

who is gregor mendel and what did he do?

A
  1. created the law of segregation
  2. punnett squares
  3. dihybrid crosses
  4. pedigrees
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12
Q

mendels law of segragation

A
  1. a gamete receives one allele from the pair of alleles possessed by an organism
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13
Q

haploid

A

one copy of a chromosome

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14
Q

diploid

A

two copies of a chromosome (at fertilization)

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15
Q

how to discover genotype of a dominant phenotype

A

make a test cross where you are most likely given one parent but then decide the other by testing

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16
Q

homozygous

A

having two identical alles of a particular gene or genes

17
Q

heterozygous

A

having two different alleles of a particular gene or genes

18
Q

how are genes sex linked?

A

if they are on the x chromosome

19
Q

a female chromosome is…

A

homozygous (XX)

20
Q

a male chromosome is…

A

heterozygous (XY)

21
Q

organisms genome

A

all of its genetic material

22
Q

human genome

A

46 chromosome arranged in 23 homologous pairs
-2 copies of every chromosome

23
Q

chromosome

A

linear strand of dna

24
Q

homologous pairs

A

chromosomes that carry the same genes or instructions
-ex. six chromosomes in a cell, but only three homologous pairs

25
Q

karyotype

A

picture of all of the chromosomes in the cell

26
Q

what does heritability of a trait mean?

A

means that a person looks a lot like their parents because they have half of their genes

27
Q

evolutionary fitness

A

the relative reproductive success of one genotype compared to another

28
Q

evolutionary mismatch

A

when individuals are in a different environment to the one in which you are adapted

29
Q

how do dominant and recessive alleles differ?

A

dominant alleles mask the effect of the recessive allele, doesnt mean that it is less though

30
Q

which conditions are sex linked recessive traits?

A

hemophilia and color blindeness

31
Q

practice a pedigree

A
32
Q

practice a punnett square

A
33
Q

practice a dihybrid cross

A
34
Q

three important components to an organisms fitness

A
  1. ability to find an equally fit mate
  2. physical environment and if individual can survive there
  3. ability to produce viable offspring