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LIEFSCI15 > week 8 and 9 - mating system and nervous system > Flashcards

week 8 and 9 - mating system and nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

polygyny

A

one male has multiple mates
- high variance in male repro success
-low variance in female repro success

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2
Q

polyandry

A

one female bonds with multiple males
-low variance in male repro success
-high variance in female repro success

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3
Q

monogamy

A

one female bonds with one male
-low variance in both female and males
-low number of mates each

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4
Q

how is sexual dimorphism a good predictor of mating systems?

A

if there is a lot of one trait it shows that the opposite sex had specific mate choice, etc.

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5
Q

what does sexual selection lead to

A

evolutionary dimorphism; when females pick males for certain traits, there will be more of that trait displayed

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6
Q

two body systems for responding to stimuli and coordinating information

A
  1. hormones
  2. neurons
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7
Q

main idea of a neuron

A
  1. get the information
  2. analyze the information
  3. act on it
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8
Q

three types of neurons

A
  1. sensory
  2. motor
  3. interneurons
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9
Q

what is a proximate cause for behavior?

A

the hormone or nervous system

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10
Q

2 parts of the nervous system

A

central nervous system
- brain and spinal cord

peripheral nervous system
- sensory and motor nerves projecting to and from spinal cord and brain

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11
Q

neuron

A

basic unit of the nervous system
- do not replace themselves
- characterized by semi permeable cell membranes that are ionically polarized in relation to extracellular fluid

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12
Q

neuron parts

A
  1. soma
  2. dendrite
  3. axon
  4. myelin sheath
  5. axon terminal buttons
  6. nerves
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13
Q

soma (cell body)

A

contains nucleus, genetic material, and all metabolic organelles of the cell

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14
Q

dendrite

A

-stringy things that come out of the neuron
- tree shaped process which receive inputs from other axons and transmits signal to the cell body

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15
Q

axon

A

carries outgoing impulses from the cell body to the axon terminal button and to other neurons (can be very long)

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16
Q

myelin sheath

A

thing thats wrapped around the axon

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17
Q

how are neurons able to communicate with each other?

A

via the synaptic cleft

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18
Q

action potential threshold

A
  • basically the even level
  • (-55) volts
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19
Q

action potential

A

electrical process that is an all or nothing event

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20
Q

what type of process is the hormone pathway?

A

a chemical process

21
Q

synaptic cleft

A

intercellular space between neurons (axon terminal button of first neuron to the dendrites or cell body of the second neuron)
- at the synapse we go from electrical in action potential to chemical when it reaches the axon terminal

22
Q

axon terminal

A

vesicles that contain neurotransmitters (chemical messengers

23
Q

what do neurotransmitters do?

A

allow impulses to be passed from neuron to neuron, but in one direction
-some increase the chance that the next cell will fire, some decrease it (important site for modulation)

24
Q

modulation

A

nervous activity is regulated by way of controlling the physiological levels of several classes of neurotransmitters

25
Q

glial cells

A

basically the support staff for neurons
-outnumber neurons
-insulate neurons with myelin
-induce tight junctions between neurons
-provide nutrients to neurons

26
Q

how the nervous system works in steps

A
  1. signal that initiates action potentials in response to stimuli (sound, sight, smell, etc.)
  2. travels from dendrite down to the axon
  3. synapses with another cell
    -muscle, gland or other neuron that causes a repsonse
  4. sensory information comes in, and then it gets processed out so you aren’t overwhelmed by it
27
Q

what are neurons specialized for?

A

receiving electrical and chemical information via dendrites and transmitting it via axons

28
Q

why does NA+ and K+ have a plus next to them?

A

because they are in a charged states

29
Q

membrane potential

A

the difference in the change between neurons outside and inside of the cell

30
Q

5 stages of action potential

A
  1. resting state
  2. depolarization
  3. repolarization
  4. undershoot
  5. return to resting state
31
Q

resting state

A

membrane potential is pretty even, and neuron is resting
-NA and K doors are closed
- some leakage into the membrane

32
Q

depolarization state

A

sodium channels open and NA rushes in
-cell becomes more and more positive, cell is now firing

33
Q

repolarization state

A

NA channels are closed and K channels open
-way more in the cell than out of the cell, so K rushes out
-can become negative after this

34
Q

undershoot state

A

K channels are soon to close but not faster than K rushing out
-cell gets too negative

35
Q

return to resting state

A

NA and K channels close again
K is pumped in and NA is pumped out

36
Q

typical synapse functioning (stages)

A
  1. action potential arrives at the terminal button
  2. calcium channels open and calcium rushes in
  3. vesicles fuse with terminal button membrane
  4. neurotransmitter dumped into the synapse
  5. neurotransmitter binds with post - synaptic receptors, caused by muscle contraction or action potential
    OR
  6. re-uptake/enzymatic breakdown of neurotransmitters
37
Q

what is botox?

A

substance that gets into terminal button at muscle synapses where it has wrinkles and contracts
-breaks down a protein called SNAP 25 and prevents the releases of acetylcholine (paralyzes the muscles)

38
Q

effects of LSD

A

binds to serotonin receptors, increasing their sensitivity
-same amount of serotonin released, you get more serotonin stimulated

39
Q

effects of crystal meth

A

stimulates dopamine and serotonin release
-causes people to feel intense, euphoric high

40
Q

effects of oxycontin

A

mimics opium like neurotransmitters into pain neurons, which block functions
-deactivates pain receptors

41
Q

effects of ecstasy

A

increases serotonin production and blocks serotonin re - upatke
-permenantly damages serotonin producing cells in cerebral cortex (used in learning) and hippocampus (used for memory)

42
Q

effects of adderall

A

increases the release of adrenaline and dopamine and blocks reuptake of adrenaline, dopamine and serotonin
-basically more adrenaline and dopamine

43
Q

4 ways that alcohol affects us

A
  1. reduced anxiety
    -release of GABA calms you down
    -alcohol mimics GBA which enhances efficiency
  2. causes people to feel stimulated and energized
    -blocks pain messages
  3. lowers feelings of depression
    -glutamate is an excitatory neurotransmitter, and alcohol blocks receptor
    -ex. slurred speech, slower reaction time
44
Q

metabolic pathway of consuming alcohol

A
  1. ethanol - ripping of hydrogen from the molecule
  2. acetaldehyde - ripping off aldhyde dehydrogenase
  3. acetic acid - can secrete this out
45
Q

risk taking gene and examples

A

DRD4 dopamine receptor gene
-long version of the gene creates reduced sensitivity dopamine receptor
- risk taking and novelty seeking stimulate dopamine release and pleasure center activity
EX. in study of financial decision making in stock traders, pleasure center activation preceded risky choices and anterior insula activation preceded riskless choices

46
Q

example of risk taking

A

eating spicy food can cause large dopamine release
-6x as much dopamine release as you would eating normal food

47
Q

what makes action potential all or nothing?

A

its all or nothing in the membrane potential that travels down the axon

48
Q

what is the hippocampus for?

A

large amount of knowledge accumulated
-gets bigger with the more knowledge you acquire

49
Q

what is the cerebrum for?

A

learning and memory

LIEFSCI15 (12 decks)

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