week 4 - altruism and the coefficient of relatedness

Question 1

homologous

Answer 1

same genes in the same ordr
-each chromosome of a homologous pair contain the same loci

Question 2

loci

Answer 2

positions or sections of DNA located along a chromosome that code for the same genes but the exact information encoded by the gene can be different

Question 3

how is the sex of a baby determined by the father?

Answer 3

sperm carries 50 percent x or y and it is random chance that the gamete will give x or y chromosome
-makes xx to be female and xy to be male

Question 4

how are men more affected by sex linked traits?

Answer 4

men only have one chance to get an unaffected x chromosome, and women have two chances

Question 5

example of an autosomal recessive trait

Answer 5

albinism

Question 6

example of an autosomal dominant trait

Answer 6

huntingtons disease

Question 7

what is the basic term for meiosis?

Answer 7

gamete production

Question 8

how does meiosis work?

Answer 8

main job gamete formation, so it reduces cell from diploid to haploid
-before mitosis

Question 9

ploidy

Answer 9

the number of chromosomes that are present

Question 10

what is the basic term for mitosis?

Answer 10

somatic cell production (everything else is going through this)

Question 11

how does mitosis work?

Answer 11

main job is to produce daughter cells with the exact genetic component of the parent cell
-cell cycle has to happen for mitosis to happen

Question 12

mendels rule of independent assortment

Answer 12

alleles of one gene can segregate (during meiosis) independently of other genes
-the allele that you pass on for one trait (eye color) does not have any affect on the allele you pass on for another trait
-hence the dihybrid cross

Question 13

what does it mean if a standard deviation is large or small?

Answer 13

if its large it means that the data is spread out and not reliable
- if its small it means its most likely accurate

Question 14

strength of meta study

Answer 14

lots of variation and we can have a large and diverse sample size for a large period of time

Question 15

direct fitness

Answer 15

increasing the number of offspring that an individual produces

Question 16

indirect fitness

Answer 16

increasing the number of offspring my relatives produces
-they carry my genes, so i am increasing my fitness indirectly by helping them

Question 17

inclusive fitness

Answer 17

the combination of direct and indirect fitness
-related to hamiltons rule

Question 18

what is hamiltons rule?

Answer 18

B . R - C > 0

b = benefit to the relative
r = coefficient of relatedness
c = cost to me

Question 19

apparent kindness

Answer 19

situations in which we expect the kind act to occur
- the more kin an animal is more likely to have near, the more it will act altruistically

Question 20

how to find the coefficient of relatedness?

Answer 20

1. every connection between a parent and their offspring is .5
2. find every way two individuals could have inherited the same allele from an ancestor
3. for each path, calculate the probability
4. add the probability for all possible parts

Question 21

how does kin recognition occur? (three ways)

Answer 21

1. spatial recognition (treat those around you as kin)
2. social association (treat those that you remember from childhood as kin)
3. phenotype matching (treat those who resemble you as kin)

Question 22

behavior

Answer 22

encompasses the actions performed by an organism, often in response to its environment or the actions of another organism

Question 23

innate behavior

Answer 23

also known as instinct behavior
- behavior that does not require any environmental input to develop
- present in all individuals from a population and doesnt vary much

Question 24

fixed action pattern

Answer 24

a sequence of behaviors triggered in response to a specific signal called a sign stimulus

Question 25

example of fixed action pattern

Answer 25

egg retrieval is in geese
-when a goose spots an egg outside its nest it rolls it back to the nest, keeping the egg tucked underneath its bill
-goose continues the side to side motion, even if egg gets taken away to the nest

Question 26

learned behavior

Answer 26

behaviors that are acquired and modified overtime in response to the individuals experiences
-ease of learning can vary upon individuals
-certain behaviors are less likely learned

Question 27

maladaptive behavior

Answer 27

when an individual does something that is not the optimal choice for fitness

Question 28

reciprocal altruism

Answer 28

when repeated interactions happen, we expect more and more altruistic behavior

Question 29

how to increase reciprocal altruism

Answer 29

1. increase the amount of times you interact with the person
2. minimize the perception of what the cost is going to be
3. increasing perception of what the benefit to the recipient is going to be