week 7 - hormones, estrogen, testosterone, etc.

Question 1

hormones

Answer 1

chemical messengers that are secreted by a secretory cell into the extracellular fluid

Question 2

extracellular fluid

Answer 2

fluid space outside of the cell

Question 3

hormone pathway

Answer 3

1. goes into the circulatory system (blood vessels)
2. reaches target cells that have receptors specific to the hormone
3. bonds to specific receptors that elicit responses/chemical pathways
4. can affect physique and physical performance (ex. increase in testosterone is beneficial when performing sports)
   ex. pregnancy hormones can affect mood, behavior and cognitive performance

Question 4

examples of hormones

Answer 4

oxytocin, estrogen, testosterone, etc.

Question 5

two types of hormones

Answer 5

1. steroid - derived from cholesterol
   (estrogen and testosterone)
2. peptide hormones - derived from amino acids
   (oxytocin and insulin)

Question 6

modern medicine may cause us to live longer but cause people to weigh more than they want to

Question 7

why is cortisol a stress hormone?

Answer 7

produced by the adrenal glands, and is secreted in response to fight or flight situations

Question 9

do men and women produce either estrogen or testosterone?

Answer 9

both, but either in small amounts or big amounts, all in the ovaries or tests

Question 10

proximate cause

Answer 10

physiological mechanisms used to describe phenomena

Question 11

ultimate cause

Answer 11

reasons, historically and evolutionary wise for why something is happening

Question 12

proximate cause for spatial awareness and testosterone

Answer 12

androgenization of the brain and lateralization

Question 13

lateralization

Answer 13

the incomplete specialization of the left hemisphere of the brain for language functions and the right hemisphere for visuo spatial processing

Question 14

ultimate cause for spatial awareness and testosterone

Answer 14

hunter gather societies and men

Question 15

proximate cause for women and cognitive performance

Answer 15

lateralization

Question 16

spandrel

Answer 16

phenotypic characteristic that is a byproduct of the evolution of some other characteristic, rather than a direct product of adaptive selection

Question 17

androgenization on the brain

Answer 17

male hormones, both in utero and in puberty elevate spatial ability
-female hormones may depress spatial ability

Question 18

sexual dimorphism

Answer 18

systematic difference in form between individuals of different sex in the same species

Question 19

dimorphic

Answer 19

to have 2 forms

Question 20

do humans display high amount of sexual dimorphism?

Answer 20

no - you cant really tell between human male and female as you can with female and male gorilla, not counting the effects of socialization and gender norms

Question 21

the greater the degree of polygamy…

Answer 21

the greater the degree of sex differences

Question 22

what is high fiber consumption associated with a reduced risk of?

Answer 22

1. colon cancer
2. lower blood pressure
3. improved immune function

Question 23

what three things happen when blood sugar is low?

Answer 23

1. pancreas releases glucagon
2. liver releases glucose
3. blood glucose rises, and glucagon release stops

Question 24

hormone

Answer 24

regulators secreted by glands that alter gene function in target cells elsewhere in the body

Question 25

what do they help regulate?

Answer 25

growth and development, responses to the environment and homeostasis

Question 26

what is oxytocin

Answer 26

1. hormone produced in the hypothalamus and released from the pituitary gland
2. increases trust
3. secreted in the body from skin to skin contact
4. milk production/uterine contractions during birth
   5.encourages social attachments

Question 27

what is cortisol?

Answer 27

1. known as the stress hormone
2. released in response to receptions of stress and causes body to be better at a fight or flight reaction
3. released by adrenal gland

Question 28

what is estrogen?

Answer 28

maintains and regulates female reproductive system
-improves object memory and effective treatment for depression

Question 29

testosterone

Answer 29

maintains and regulates male reproductive system and secondary sex characteristics
-improve performance on spatial tasks, lean muscles mass, etc.

Question 30

how is initial energetic investment in reproduction larger for females?

Answer 30

1. larger gametes
2. internal gestation
3. lactation
   -the sex that invests more in reproduction will be more discriminating towards others

Question 31

4 sex behavior predictions

Answer 31

1. more investments means more discrimination
2. demands honest signals of health because it takes good genes to be healthy
3. value in fighting ability
4. elicit a commitment to invest

Question 32

lower reproductive investment

Answer 32

more competition leads to the need for more paternity uncertainty

Question 33

how does lower reproductive investment lead to sexual selection?

Answer 33

1. competition for access
2. mate guarding/extended mating
3. sperm competition/anti sperm