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ADN002 MED SURG > Week 2 Immunizations > Flashcards

Week 2 Immunizations Flashcards

1
Q

Immunizations

A

Prepared by pharmaceutical companies regulated by US Food and Drug Administration

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2
Q

Immunizing Agents and Allergenic extracts

A

Two of the man groups of drugs that are classified as biologics by the FDA.

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3
Q

Immunizations

A

Involve administration of Antigen to induce antibody( immunoglobulin) formation
- Active Immunity

Normally acquired by contracting a disease, then developing immunity to it.

Being vaccinated with proteins from causative agent

Two main types of immunity:
Passive
Active

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4
Q

Active Immunity

A

A form of acquired immunity that develops

In response to an immunogen (antigen)
Naturally acquired by exposure to an infectious disease

Artificially acquired by receiving active immunizing agents (vaccines)

Vaccination= active immunization

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5
Q

Passive Immunity

A

Serum from immune people

Effectors of immunity ( immunoglobulins or antibodies) - From one immune individual to another

IgG antibodies

From mother to fetus, across placental barrier

Onset of passive immunity quicker

However, of shorter duration than active immunity

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6
Q

Active Immunity Agents

A

Biologic Products used
-Vaccines
- Suspensions of microbes ( killed/ attenuated antigenic products) intended to induce antibody formation for the prevention of disease
Many produce long- lasting immunity
Small risk of developing disease with live vaccines) especially immunosuppressed)

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7
Q

Active Immunity

A

Toxoids

Bacterial Toxins or products modified to destroy toxicity but retain antigenic properties.

Not permanent, boosters required.

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8
Q

Immunizing Agents

A

Vaccine
Produces or artificially increases immunity to a disease

May contain

Inactivated - Killed organisms
Living attenuated- reduced virulence organism

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9
Q

Active immunizing Agents

A

Main Action
Prevent , not treat disease
- Most common vaccines are highly effective

  • Very Safe
    Generally Available at low cost
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10
Q

Immunizing Agents

A

Active
- Usually administered before disease exposure
- Provide long- term, even permanent, protection

Passive
- Older than active agents
Various antitoxins derived from animals.
Problems in efficacy and safety

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11
Q

Vaccines

A

Most bacterial vaccines contain killed bacteria or their components.

Bacterium is developed that lacks a toxin, enzyme, or other normal constituent.

Another type contains toxoids (protein toxins)
- Modified to reduce hazardous properties without greatly altering antigenic properties
- Ex: Diphtheria and tetanus toxoid

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12
Q

Immunizing Agents

A

Vaccines
- Relatively harmless from sensitizes immune cells

Possible re- exposure to the organism
- Triggers a quicker immune response

  • Used for many bacterial infections
  • Also used for lesser amounts of viral infections
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13
Q

Indications for Use

A

Routine immunization of children

  • Diphtheria, Hib ( Haemophilus Influenzae) infection
  • Hep A, B
  • Influenza A, B
  • Measles( Rubeola), mumps, rubella (MMR)
  • Pertussis, poliomyelitis, rotavirus
  • Tetanus, varicella, pneumoccal infection

A decrease in these vaccinations has contributed to an increased prevalence of these diseases.

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14
Q

Indications for Use

A

TDAP
HiB
HEP A
HepB
MMR
HPV
PCV13
PPV23
VAR
RZV
MenACWY
MenB
RIV4
LAIV4
Covid 19

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15
Q

Hib

A

Haemophilus Influenzae

Infects the lining of the brain causing meningitis

Vaccine Protects against pericarditis, pneumonia, and infections of the blood, bones, and joints

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16
Q

Hep A

A

Killed vaccine. Need 2 doses for long lasting protection. Doses given 6 months apart

Children vaccinated between 12 - 23 months

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17
Q

Hep A

A

Spread through food and water with feces

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18
Q

Hep B

A

Spread through bodily fluids

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19
Q

Hep B Vaccine

A

Made from parts of the virus.

Given 2,3, 4 shots over 1 to 6 months

Infants first dose at birth and complete series at 6 months

Important from healthcare workers

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20
Q

Hep B

A

Need HepB need 3 dose or two dose series of Recombivax or Engerix

3 dose- 1 now then another month and then 5 months after

Two doses- now then seperated by at least 4 weeks

Hep B can stay viable on surface for a week

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21
Q

MMR

A

Two doses of MMR

Vaccine use for children 12 months to 12 years of age

1st dose- 12 - 15 months
2nd dose- 4-6 years of age

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22
Q

Measles

A

Acute systemic viral infection with fever, respiratory involvement and symptoms and a rash

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23
Q

Mumps

A

Affects the parotid glands and affects the saliva below and in front of the ears

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24
Q

Mumps

A

Spread
- Airborne
- Saliva
- Touching

S/S
Fever
loss of app
Headache
Muscle Pain
Pain when eating

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25
Rubella
German Measles Spread through direct contact or air. Symptoms after 2 to 3 weeks of exposure include fever and headache
26
Polio
Highly contagious infection. Caused by 3 types of poliovirus. Destroys the nervous system causing paralysis. Many people infected do not become sick or show no symptoms.
27
Rotavirus
Causes gastroenteritis Genus of double- stranded RNA viruses family of Reovirdae.
28
HPV
Vaccines protect either 2, 4, or 9 types All protect against type 16 and 18 these cause great risk of cervical cancer Brands include Gardasil, Gardasil 9, and Cervarix
29
HPV
Warts. Most common STI. No cure for the virus. Tx is to treat the warts. HPV vaccine to prevent warts and cervical cancer is recommended by boys and girls
30
Influenza A
Causes influenza in birds and mammals. Viruses contain inactivated form either trivalant or quadvalant Nasal spray intains live vaccine
31
Infleunza B
Virus from the Orthomyxoviridae. Infects humans and seals
32
Diptheria
Infection caused by bacterium Corynebacterium causes a thick covering in the back of the throat can lead to breathing issues, heart failure, paralysis and even death.
33
DTAP
Combination of 3 to provide immunity 6 weeks to under age 7
34
TDAP
Used to boost immunity against the 3 same diseases. adult and children 10 and beyond
35
Tdap
Contains a lower dose of vaccine that Dtap
36
Pertussis
Whooping Cough. Bordetella Influenza. Violent uncontrollable barking cough. Steroid given orally. Macrolides DTAP- infants and children Tdap- preteens, teens, and adults
37
Tetanus
Clostridium tetani. Bacteria live in soil, saliva, dust, and manure. Dtap- Young children. DT- Diptheria and Tet. Young children. Tdap- Preteens and up. TD
38
If you did not receive tetanus vaccine?
Start with 3 dose series with first dose being a three in one combination called TDAP.
39
Tetanus Booster is every
10 years
40
Chicken Pox
Varicella zoster. Blister like rash, itching, tiredness and fever. Droplets precautions. Vaccine is attenuated.
41
Shingles
Herpes zoster virus. Dominant due to chicken pox. Spread by contact. Rash and blisters and it is unilateral and dermatomes. Runs across the eye and may lose eyesight. Contact isolation. Vaccine is Shingrix for ages 50 and above.
42
Pneumococcal Infections
Caused by gram-positive sphere-shaped bacteria. Cause meningitis, sinusitis, and middle ear infection. Infected when people cough or sneeze into the air.
43
Pneumococcal Vaccines
Conjugate Polysaccharide vaccines.
44
PCV13
Given to babies. 1st dose- 2 months 2nd dose- 4 months 3rd dose- 12 months
45
Meningitis
Inflammation of the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord. Also hallmarked by nuchal rigidity. Kernig's- Resistance to full extension of leg at knee when hip is flexed Brudzinskis- Flexion of both hips and knees when neck flexed passively.
46
Meningitis caused by
Nessieria Meningitidis Vaccines Meningococcal Conjugate VAccines Serogroup B vaccines All 11- 12 year olds vaccinated with meningococcal conjugate vaccine.
47
Bacterial Meningitis
Very serious. Permanent damage brain, hearing loss, and learning disabilities.
48
Viral Meningitis
Most common. Inflammation of tissue of the brain.
49
Fungal Meningitis who are most at risk
Weakened immune system patients
50
Parasitic Meningitis cause rare ?
Eosinophillic, eosinophillic meningoencephalitis.
51
Covid 19 Vaccines
Pfizer - 16 yrs 2 doses Modrna - 18 yrs. 2 doses
52
JJ for covid 19
18 yr 1 shot Viral Vector Vaccine
53
Covid 19 Booster
Pfizer series. Booster 12 to 17 age. 5 months since last dose Moderna- 18 and up. 5 months since last dose. JJ- 18 yr up. 2 months and above since last dose.
54
Immunizing Agents
Vaccines Injection Site Reactions Fever Headache Malaise Nausea Dizziness
55
Contraindications for Immunization
Febrile illness Immunosuppresive drug therapy Leukemia Lymphoma Pregnancy Lactation Previous reaction
56
Interactions
May occur upon concurrent vaccines Monitor for fever Monitor injection site
57
Use in Special Populations
Healthy teens Older Adults Immunosuppression Cancer Pneumococcal Vaccine - major immunosuppression - Pulmonary and Cv - Chronic Renal - DM Influenza
58
Standards of Immunizations 65 years and under
Only routine Booster Doses - Dipth and Tet Shingles Vaccine
59
Immune System
Lymphatic System Removes foreign substances from blood and lymph Combats infectious diseases Maintains tissue fluid balance Absorbs fat
60
Lymphocytes
Special proteins called antibodies . Are the dominant cells Respond to: Invading pathogens Abnormal body cells Foreign protein such as toxins
61
Specific Defense
Compromise Immunity
62
Immunity
Ability to resist infection and disease through activation of specific diseases
63
Lymph
Fluid flowing through lymphatic vessels Lymphoid Organs - Lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, and more Connected to vessels - Have large numbers of lymphocytes
64
Lymphatic System
garbage collection system Fluid consists of the waste deposits of cells. Lymph same amount as blood main difference is no pump.
65
Lymphatic Circulation
Pumped by vessels via contraction of muscles No deposit of fluids= increase in swelling, inflammation, and pain along with other diseases. Lymph nodes are small filters that corner bacteria.
66
T Cells
Lymphocytes - Thymus dependent Cytotoxic T cells directly attack foreign cells and body cells infected with viruses Primary cells that provide cell mediated immunity
67
T Lymphocytes
Lost cell immunity from disease. Example AIDS. Body can not protect itself from invaders.
68
B Cells
Bone marrow derived Differentiate to plasma cells Production, and secretion of antibodies Called Igs Antibodies react with antigens - Usually pathogens, derived from pathogens or other foreign compounds
69
Cell- Mediated Immunity and Humoral Immunity
B Cells Produced from circulating antibodies to act against antigen - Released into circulation at lymph nodes Form - Daughter lymphocytes that develop into plasma cells Some activated B cells turn into memory cells - Continually produce small amounts of antibody after infection is overcome
70
NK Cells
Natural Killer Cells Attack foreign cells Virus infected cells Cancer cells appearing in normal tissues
71
Immunity
Disease protection induced by antigen exposure
72
Active Immunity
Long Lasting Protects body from future invaders as a result from natural antibodies Artificial antibodies- after vaccine administration
73
Passive Immunity
Short Lasting Naturally through placenta to fetus Conveyed artificially by injection of serum antibodies
74
Immunoglobulins
Protein Antibodies Secreted by B lymphs Protect from foreign invaders IgA, IgD. IgE, IgG, IgM antibodies created by b lymphs in response to antigen
75
IgA
Found in nose, digestive tract, ears, eyes, and vagina. Also found in tears and saliva.
76
IgG
Bodily fluids Most common and important in fighting viral and bacterial infections Only type that cross the placenta
77
IgM
Largest antibody Blood and lymph. Cause other immune system cells to destroy foreign substances
78
IgE
Lungs, skin, and mucous membranes Cause the body to react with foreign invaders such as pollen, fungus, and animal dander. Involved in allergic reactions. High in people with allergies.
79
IgD
Antibodies found in small amounts of tissue that line belly or chest.

ADN002 MED SURG (18 decks)

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