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ZZZZ Pathophysiology (B) > Week 2 lec - immunology fundamentals > Flashcards

Week 2 lec - immunology fundamentals Flashcards

1
Q

where are T cells matured?

A

the thymus

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2
Q

where do B cells mature?

A

In the bone marrow

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3
Q

osteoclasts, Kuppfer cells (liver) and microglial cells are all types of ________

A

macrophages

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4
Q

after maturation, where do B and T cells move to?

A

various lymphoid tissues

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5
Q

viruses, bacteria, helminths and mites are all types of _____ ___-_____

A

pathogenic micro-organisms

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6
Q

bacterial toxins are a product of a ____ ___-______

A

pathogenic micro-organism

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7
Q

____ proteins may neutralise viruses and bacterial toxins

A

plasma proteins

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8
Q

the process of ingestion and killing of pathogens by leukocytes is known as _____

A

phagocytosis

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9
Q

humoral immunity involves c_____ + a______

A

complement and antibodies

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10
Q

infected cells are contained by g_____

A

granulomas

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11
Q

the ____ immune response has a rapid onset (hours to days) whereas the ____ immune response has a slow onset (days to weeks)

choose from: adaptive, innate

A

the innate immune response has a rapid onset (hours to days) whereas the adaptive immune response has a slow onset (days to weeks)

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12
Q

Humoral immune response is:

  1. Innate and adaptive immune responses mediated by soluble (cell-free) proteins in plasma, interstitial fluids and mucosal secretions
  2. Innate and adaptive immune responses mediated by cells of the immune system -Particularly effective against intra-cellular pathogens

pick 1

A
  1. Innate and adaptive immune responses mediated by soluble (cell-free) proteins in plasma, interstitial fluids and mucosal secretions
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13
Q

Cellular immune response is:

  1. Innate and adaptive immune responses mediated by soluble (cell-free) proteins in plasma, interstitial fluids and mucosal secretions
  2. Innate and adaptive immune responses mediated by cells of the immune system -Particularly effective against intra-cellular pathogens
A
  1. Innate and adaptive immune responses mediated by cells of the immune system -Particularly effective against intra-cellular pathogens
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14
Q

Give one example of how the complement system exerts an antimicrobial effect

A

Could have chosen any of the following:

  1. forms a membrane attack complex (MAC) to lyse bacteria
  2. opsonisation of pathogens
  3. triggers release of histamine from mast cells
  4. enhances clearance of Ab-Ag complexes
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15
Q

which Ig is a primary B cell receptor?

A

IgD (also IgM but it has more functions than that)

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16
Q

which Ig has roles as primary B cell receptor, plus roles in agglutination, complement activation and opsonophagocytosis?

A

IgM

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17
Q

which Igs function as broad complement and cell activators?

A

IgG1 and IgG3

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18
Q

Which Igs are mucosal antibodies?

A

IgA1 and 2

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19
Q

which Ig activates mast cells and eosinophils?

A

IgE

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20
Q

which Ig is involved in opsonophagocytosis of complex antigens?

A

IgG2

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21
Q

which Ig is passed from mother to baby via the placenta?

A

IgG

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22
Q

which Ig is passed from mother to baby via titty juice?

A
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23
Q

give 3 functional effects of antibodies to pathogenic microbes

A

Could have chosen from any of the following:

  • Neutralisation of bacterial toxins and viruses
  • Opsonisation (for phagocytosis by neutrophils, macrophages/monocytes, dendritic cells)
  • Activation of the complement pathway
  • Activation of NK cells Antibody-dependant cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC)
  • Activation of basophils/mast cells
  • Activation of eosinophils
24
Q

name a toxin-producing bacteria and the disease it causes

A
25
Q

what are the steps of phagocytosis?

A
  1. chemotaxis and adherence of microbe to phagocyte
  2. ingestion
  3. formation of phagosome
  4. formation of phagolysosome (fusion of phagosome and lysosome)
  5. digestion
  6. formation of residual body containing undigested material
  7. discharge of waste
26
Q

name a cell surface molecule that can activate phagocytosis

A

FcR (there are many others but this is the only one we have learnt about)

27
Q

which cells carry out phagocytosis of opsonised antigens?

A

neutrophils, macrophages/monocytes, dendritic cells (conventional or plasmacytoid)

28
Q

Functional phagocytotic effect of activating neutrophils?

A

intracellular killing (bacteria and fungi)

29
Q

Functional phagocytotic effect of activating monocytes/macrophages?

A

antigen processing and presentation to B and T lymphocytes as well as intracellular killing of bacteria, mycobacteria and fungi

30
Q

Functional phagocytotic effect of activating conventional dendritic cells?

A

antigen processing and presentation to B and T lymphocytes

31
Q

Functional phagocytotic effect of activating plasmacytoid dendritic cells?

A

production of type 1 interferons

32
Q

what does ADCC mean?

A

Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity

33
Q

what cells perform Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC)?

A

NK cells

34
Q

which antibody activates eosinophils to destroy helminth parasites?

A

IgE

35
Q

give one effect of mast cells activation

A

HOLY SHIT THERE ARE SO MANY

36
Q

what type of mycobacterium is phagocytosed by macrophages but evades killing?

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

37
Q

what type of cells respond to antigen presentation by MHC class I?

A

CD8+ T cells

38
Q

MHC class I presents antigens via the E_______ pathway

A

endogenous

39
Q

what type of cells recognise antigens displayed on MHC class II?

A

CD4+ T cells

40
Q

MHC class II presents antigens via the E______ pathway

A

exogenous

41
Q

no idea what we’re supposed to learn from this image, but it seems important

A
42
Q

what do CD4 cells release when presented with antigen on MHC class II?

A

cytokine IFN-y

43
Q

what do CD8 cells release when presented with antigen on MHC class I?

A

3 cytolytic things - granzymes, perforin and fas ligand
2 cytokines - IFN-y and TNF-a

44
Q

Induced Treg cells

  1. what cytokines cause a naive CD4 T cells to mature into this?
  2. what cytokines do these cells produce/release and what is its effect?
A
  1. IL-2 and TGF-beta
  2. IL-10 - regulation, suppression of inflammatory response
45
Q

Th17 cell

  1. what cytokines cause naive CD4 T cells to mature into this?
  2. what cytokines do these cells produce/release and what is its effect?
A
  1. IL-6 and TGF-beta
  2. IL-17A, IL-17F and IL-22 - inflammation
46
Q

Th2 cells

  1. what cytokines cause naive CD4 T cells to mature into this?
  2. what cytokines do these cells produce/release and what is its effect?
A
  1. IL-4
  2. IL-4, IL-5, IL-13 - allergic and helminth responses
47
Q

Tfh cells

  1. what cytokines cause naive CD4 T cells to mature into this?
  2. what cytokines do these cells produce/release and what is its effect?
A
  1. IL-6 and IL-21
  2. IL-4 and IL-21 - germinal centre help
48
Q

Th1 cells

  1. what cytokines cause naive CD4 T cells to mature into this?
  2. what cytokines do these cells produce/release and what is its effect?
A
  1. IL-12, IFNy
  2. IFNy, TNF - macrophage activation, inflammation
49
Q

Cytolytic CD4 T cell

  1. what cytokines cause naive CD4 T cells to mature into this?
  2. what cytokines do these cells produce/release and what is its effect?
A
  1. IL-2
  2. granzyme B, perforin, Fas ligand (FASL) - kills infected cells
50
Q

what is a granuloma and what infection would you most commonly find one in?

A

a bunch of leukocytes and necrotic cells at the site of infection, commonly seen in TB

51
Q

what do T follicular helper (Tfh) cells do?

A

provide help for B cells in germinal centres

52
Q

give one mechanism used by T-reg cells

A
53
Q

what type of T cell helps CD8 cells in their response?

A

CD4

54
Q

what does class I HLA do?

A

present peptides ( ie fragments of virus) to CD8

55
Q

where in the body are naive T cells presented with antigens?

A

lymph nodes

56
Q

what is the name of the process where lymphocytes with an affinity for self-antigens are deleted? where does this happen?

A

central tolerance, in the bone marrow or thymus

57
Q

where does peripheral tolerance occur?

A

lymphoid organs (lymph nodes and spleen)

ZZZZ Pathophysiology (B) (16 decks)

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