Week 7 lec - morphology and pathology

Question 1

what is the diameter and weight of a normal adult male prostate?

Answer 1

3 to 4cm diameter and 25g in weight

Question 2

what do you notice about this prostate?

Answer 2

it is enlarged and has an increase in stroma and prostate glands

Question 3

what kind of weight could you expect this hyperplasic prostate to be?

Answer 3

70 g

Question 4

what is the pattern of increase in this fucked up prossy?

Answer 4

nodular (not uniform)

Question 5

what is this pattern of increase influenced by?

what bodily function could it interfere with?

Answer 5

it’s under hormonal influence

could interfere with the emtying of the urinary bladder

Question 6

what is an easily observable biomarker to check for prostate cancer?

Answer 6

if it’s greater than 5cm

Question 7

is the structure of this hyperplastic prostate maintained or not?

Answer 7

maintained

t is well-differentiated - there are too many glands but they resemble normal tissue

Question 8

What is the main example of a cerebral atrophy disease?

Answer 8

Alzheimers

Question 9

what is the main biomarker of alzheimers?

Answer 9

apoptosis of cells, neuro degeneration

Question 10

what is neurodegeneration such a problem, especially if it’s caused by a disease such as alzheimers?

Answer 10

because neurones cannot regenerate

Question 11

what are these and what are the pink bits?

(hint, this is a patient with alzheimers disease)

Answer 11

neurofibrillary tangles in neurones

the pink bits are the cytoskeleton filaments grouped together in elongated tangles

Question 12

what difference do you notice between the right (normal) and the left laryngeal respiratory epithelium in this picture? what is this change called?

Answer 12

the epithelium on the left has become squamous instead of normal respiratory, in response to smoking as squamous is more resilient.

this is metaplasia (abnormal change in tissue)

Question 13

is metaplasia a normal physiological process? what is it the first step towards?

Answer 13

no. it’s the first step towards hyperplasia.

Question 14

________ of the normal esophageal squamous mucosa has occurred here, with the appearance of gastric type columnar mucosa

Answer 14

Metaplasia of the normal esophageal squamous mucosa has occurred here, with the appearance of gastric type columnar mucosa

Question 15

?

Answer 15

heart hypertrophy

Question 16

During heart hypertrophy, the number of myocardial fibers ___ ___ increase, their size ___ increase in response to an increased workload, leading to the marked thickening of the left ventricle in this patient with systemic hypertension.

Answer 16

The number of myocardial fibers does not increase, but their size can increase in response to an increased workload, leading to the marked thickening of the left ventricle in this patient with systemic hypertension.

Question 17

what is dysplasia?

Answer 17

abnormal growth or development of a tissue or organ

or

the presence of cells of an abnormal type within a tissue, which may signify a stage preceding the development of cancer

Question 18

This is cellular ______ in the uterine cervix.

The normal cervical squamous epithelium has become transformed to a more disorderly growth pattern, or dysplastic epithelium.

This is further down the road toward neoplasia, but ______ is still a potentially reversible process

Answer 18

This is cellular dysplasia in the uterine cervix.

The normal cervical squamous epithelium has become transformed to a more disorderly growth pattern, or dysplastic epithelium.

This is further down the road toward neoplasia, but dysplasia is still a potentially reversible process

Question 19

In this fetal thymus there is involution of thymic lymphocytes by the mechanism of ______.

In this case, it is an orderly process and part of normal immune system maturation.

Individual cells fragment and are consumed by phagocytes to give the appearance of clear spaces filled with cellular debris.

Answer 19

In this fetal thymus there is involution of thymic lymphocytes by the mechanism of apoptosis.

In this case, it is an orderly process and part of normal immune system maturation.

Individual cells fragment and are consumed by phagocytes to give the appearance of clear spaces filled with cellular debris.

Question 20

_______ is controlled by many mechanisms. Genes such as BCL-2 are turned off and Bax genes turned on. Intracellular proteolytic enzymes called caspases produce much cellular breakdown.

Answer 20

Apoptosis is controlled by many mechanisms. Genes such as BCL-2 are turned off and Bax genes turned on. Intracellular proteolytic enzymes called caspases produce much cellular breakdown.

Question 21

This is an example of ______ ______ in the cortex of the kidney.

Answer 21

coagulative necrosis

Question 22

what causes coagulative necrosis?

Answer 22

necrosis caused by hypoxia usually caused by ischemia or infarction

Question 23

?

Answer 23

normal coronary artery

Question 24

an artery with?

Answer 24

Atherosclerosis

Question 25

Atherosclerosis is generally worse at the ______ of an artery where turbulence of vascular flow with ongoing endothelial stress and injury is greater.

Answer 25

Atherosclerosis is generally worse at the beginning of an artery where turbulence of vascular flow with ongoing endothelial stress and injury is greater.

Question 26

why is atherosclerosis is generally worse at the beginning of an artery?

Answer 26

because turbulence of vascular flow with ongoing endothelial stress and injury is greater.