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Health and Psychological Well-being > Week 2 Lecture > Flashcards

Week 2 Lecture Flashcards

1
Q

What is a health behaviour (Kasl and Cobb)

A

A health behaviour aims to prevent disease

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2
Q

What is an illness behaviour (Kasl and Cobb)?

A

Al illness behaviour aims to seek remedy (appointment)

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3
Q

What is a sick role behaviour (Kasl and Cobb)?

A

Aims at getting well

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4
Q

What is a health impairing behaviour according to Matarazzo (1984)?

A

Behavioural pathogens (smoking, eating badly etc)

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5
Q

What is a health protecting behaviour according to Matarazzo (1984)?

A

Behavioural immunogens (health checkup etc).

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6
Q

What do health promotion and health education perspectives emphasis to aim to change a behaviour?

A

knowledge

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7
Q

What is a key predictor of behaviour?

A

Health beliefs

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8
Q

“nothing i do is going to change my health” is a what?

A

negative health belief

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9
Q

What are the four types of health beliefs?

A
  • attributions
  • risk perception
  • motivation and self determination
  • self efficacy
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10
Q

What are the two basic dimensions of attribution, which are used to understand causality?

A

external/internal attributions

stable/unstable, are the attributions stable?

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11
Q

According to attribution beliefs, how are individuals motivated to see their social world?

A

As predictable and controllable - there is a need to understand causality

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12
Q

What sis Herzlich find about the state of health and illness?

A

People believe that a state of health is regarded as internal and illness is seen as external

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13
Q

What is the health locus of control?

A

Individual differ in regarding eents as controllable by them (internal locus of control) or uncontrollable by them (external locus of control)

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14
Q

What is the locus of control predicting

A

How likely someone is to change their behaviour

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15
Q

In terms of risk perception, what did Weinstein discover?

A

That a reason for people to practise unhealthy behaviours is due to inaccurate perception of risk and susceptibility.

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16
Q

How does the self determination theory refer to motivation as a key factors in health behaviour?

A

Autonomous motivations - engaging in behaviours that fulfil personal relevant goals

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17
Q

What is a key construct in the self determination theory?

A

motivation

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18
Q

Who was the notion of self efficacy developed by?

A

Bandura

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19
Q

What is self-efficacy similar to

A

Feeling confident to engage in any behaviour

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20
Q

What is the 5 levels that the stages of change model has?

A
  1. pre-contemplation (not intending to make any changes)
  2. contemplation
  3. preparation (making small changes)
  4. action
  5. maintenance
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21
Q

Do the stages in stages of change model always occur in order?

A

No, they may move forward and back then forward again

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22
Q

Describe the health action process approach

A

-emphasis on self efficacy and attempts to predict both behavioural intentions and actual behaviour

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23
Q

What are the two distinctions that the health action process approach makes?

A

A distinction between a decision making/motivational stage and an action/maintenance stage.

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24
Q

What are the three components of the motivational stage in the health action process approach?

A
  1. self-efficacy
  2. outcome expectancies
  3. threat appraisal
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25
Q

What are the two components of the action stage in the health action process approach?

A
  1. volitional cognitive aspect (the action plan)

2. An action control mechanism (I can refuse a cigarette by reminding myself i am a non smoker)

26
Q

What are the two things which social cognition model examine?

A

The predictors and precursors to health behaviour and take a continuum approach.

27
Q

What are social cognition models based on?

A

The social cognition theory,

28
Q

What does the social cognition model suggest that behaviour is governed by?

A

expectancies, incentives and social cognitions.

29
Q

What are the 5 core beliefs of the health belief model?

A
  1. susceptibility to illness
  2. severity of illness
  3. costs
  4. benefits
  5. cues to action
30
Q

What is the protection motivation theory model?

A

Developed by Rogers. Its main contribution is everything in the health belief model, but also includes fear

31
Q

What is the theory of planned behaviour emphasising?

A

Behaviour intentions as the outcome of several beliefs.

32
Q

What are behaviour intentions a combination of? (3)`

A
  1. attitude towards a behaviour
  2. subjective norm
  3. perceived behavioural control
33
Q

What are integrated models?

A

Use the most useful cognitions and can be used to predict (and change) health behaviour

34
Q

What is the COM-B model proposed by Michie?

A

-C apacity
-O oppurtunity
-M otivation
all predict health behaviour

35
Q

What are four reasons as to why we need to change health behaviour?

A
  1. to prevent illness
  2. to manage illness
  3. to reduce physical symptoms
  4. to improve wellbeing
36
Q

What are the four theoretical perspectives that psychology-based interventions typically fall within?

A
  1. learning and cognitive theory
  2. social cognition theory
  3. stage models
  4. interventions based on changing affect
37
Q

What is the learning and cognitive theory?

A

The combination of learning theory and cognitive theory can be used to design powerful strategies for behaviour change.

38
Q

What is reinforcement in changing behaviour?

A

One way to change a behaviour is to positively reinforce the desired behaviour and ignore the less desired behaviour

39
Q

What is modelling in relation to changing health behaviour?

A

Modelling influences behaviour. a child is more likely to smoke if their parent smoke.

40
Q

What is classical conditioning?

A

We learn associations between unconditioned and neutral stimuli.

41
Q

What is exposure in behaviour change?

A

One fo the best predictors of future behaviour is past behaviour, so exposure to a given behaviour or skill can change future behaviour.

42
Q

What is cognitive behavioural therapy;’ focus?

A

The notion that maladaptive behaviour is maintained by distorted cognitions.

43
Q

What is selective abstraction as an irrational thought?

A

“e.g drinking alcohol is the only way i can unwind after work”

44
Q

What is dichotomous reasoning as an irrational thought?

A

“e.g If i am not in complete control, I will lose all control” (black and white)

45
Q

What is overgeneralisation as an irrational thought?

A

“e.g I failed last night so I will fail today as well”

46
Q

What is magnification as an irrational thought?

A

“e.g stopping smoking will push me over the brink”

47
Q

What is superstitious thinking as an irrational thought?

A

“e.g if i do exercise I will have another heart attack”

48
Q

What is personalisation as an irrational thought?

A

“e.g they were laughing, so they must be laughing at me”

49
Q

How do we change irrational thoughts in cognitive behavioural therapy?

A

Asking smart questions aimed to facilitate a change in thinking.

50
Q

What does social cognition theory emphasise?

A

expectancies, incentives and social cognitions.

51
Q

What are the 5 stages of the TPB model (a social cognition model)

A
  1. identify target population
  2. identify the most salient beliefs about target population
  3. conduct a study
  4. analyse data to determine core beliefs
  5. develop intervention to target these beliefs
52
Q

What did Sutton study using the TPB model?

A

That most people believe that keeping to a certain slow speed limit will make it difficult to keep up with traffic so I will be late.

53
Q

What is one of the main criticisms to most approaches of behaviour change (2)?

A
  1. That they do not address an individual’s emotions

2. They consider people to be rational processors of information

54
Q

What is one problem of fear messages?

A

Blocking - people often resist, block, avoid, ignore or find faults in fear messages.

55
Q

What have studies found to be effective in interventions?

A

Aims to change attitudes and beliefs, provide information, and give people examples of how to deal with harmful or risky behaviours and their triggers

56
Q

What is health promotion?

A

Any event, process or activity that facilitates the protection or improvement of the health status of individuals, groups, communities or populations.

57
Q

What is the objective of health promotion?

A

To prolong life and to improve quality of life by preventing or reducing the effects of impaired physical and/or mental health.

58
Q

What are the two aspects of health promotion?

A
  1. behaviour change approach (individual)

2. public health interventions

59
Q

What are some key barriers people identified for community health and wellbeing?

A
  • lack of access to local facilities and services that are affordable
  • community attitudes
  • lack of connection
  • time management
60
Q

What are three aspects which influence the effectiveness of pamphlets?

A
  1. When aimed at patient education rather than public education
  2. Whether a pamphlet was used alone or as an addition to another form of intervention
  3. Pamphlets are more consistent in changing knowledge and attitudes than behaviour
61
Q

What are the 5 recommendations research has told us which increase the likelihood of the effectiveness of pamphlets?

A
  1. targeting select, high risk groups
  2. target knowledge and attitude
  3. to change behaviour, use with other interventions
  4. incorporate behavioural strategies
  5. evaluate the effectiveness of the pamphlet
62
Q

What are the 3 aspects of the precede-procede model?

A
  1. predisposing factors
  2. enabling factors
  3. reinforcing factors

Health and Psychological Well-being (13 decks)

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