Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Psyc 221 > Week 2 Perception > Flashcards

Week 2 Perception Flashcards

1
Q

perception

A

experiences resulting from stimulation of the senses and interpreting it

central to our ability to organize actions as we interact with our environment

central role in cognition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The fovea has extra concentration of photo receptors resulting in __

A

high acuity information, extra detail

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

where does transduction in the eye take place

A

the retina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

blind spot is where the optic nerve

A

leaves the eye

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

true or false, visual info is presented upside down on the retina

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is transduction

A

changing a physical stimulus into energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

where in the retina does transduction take place

A

rods and cones (fovea only has these) that are distributed across the eye, although no absolute boundary in their numbers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what did studying blindsight reveal

A

there are multiple paths for visual information (ie. detecting motion)

so may not have conscious interpretation, but other pathways can influence it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is blindsight

A

patients with damage to the occipital lobe who are blind, eyes and optic nerve are still intact

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is the inverse projection problem

A

recovering a 3D perception from a 2D image on the retina, as many objects can create the same image so we have to overcome this

perceptual system starts with the image on the retina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

proximal and distal stimulus

A

Reflected on retina to help us interpret the world are the proximal stimulus

Distal is what the stimulus is out in the world

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

viewpoint invariance

A

the ability to recognize an object from different viewpoints

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

bottom up processing (data driven processes)

A

Sequences of events from eye to brain

○ Starts at beginning of system, where the environmental energy stimulates the receptors, then generates signals that are transmitted to the brain
- Information stimulating receptors

Perception involves information in addition to the foundation of bottom up processing
- Factors: knowledge of the environment, expectations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

scenes are more complex to perceive than object because

A

we need to use reasoning to figure things out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

how do we understand that a covered or blurred object is still a whole object

A

from interacting with our environment and our past experiences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

two types of info used by the human perceptual system

A

Environmental energy stimulating the receptors

Knowledge and expectations that the observer brings to the situation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Top down processing (conceptually driven processes)

A

Process originates at the brain (top) of perceptual system

Involves knowledge/expectations

Information based on knowledge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

how does the brain solve the problem of visual perception

A

use information from both eyes (binocular cues) and properties from the proximal stimulus (monocular cues) to make inferences about relative depth of the distal stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what are the two binocular cues

A

convergence: eyes converge and lens accommodates when objects are close (how close)

binocular disparity: gages distance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

how do transitional properties help a child perceive words

A

the likelihood that one sound will follow another can help make transitions between words - lead to speech segmentation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Judgement of what is most likely is a process called ___

A

unconscious inference

§ Our perceptions are the result of unconscious assumptions/inferences about the environment
□ Likely based on past experiences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

likelihood principle

A

We perceive the object that is most likely to have caused the pattern of stimuli we have received (Helmholtz)

17
Q

relative size (monocular cue)

A

bigger things tend to be closer - can help us make assumptions on how close something is

17
Q

perspective (monocular cue)

A

lines converge at a distance

assumption of distance leads to assumption of size

train tracks

17
interposition (monocular cue)
closer objects obscure/cover up distant ones
17
texture gradient (monocular cue)
less detailed the texture, the farther away blurring can give the impression of depth
18
motion parallax (monocular cue)
objects that are closer move past more quickly than object farther away interpret distance
19
aerial perspective
farther away something is, the more there is a blueish haze
19
shading (monocular cue)
info about depth and movement
19
light is assumed to come from
above
20
Gestalt's law of similarity
group things that look alike
20
what is the idea behind Gestalt psychology
looks at how we segregate and group visual information, a tool thought to be innate the whole is more than the sum of its parts
20
Gestalt's law of proximity
group things that are closer together
21
Gestalt's law of good continuation
when connected, result in straight or smoothly curving lines are seen as belonging together, and the lines tend to be seen in such a way as to follow the smoothest path
22
Gestalt's law of closure
when there is a gap in features we assume there is an edge, imply contours that arent there, or fill in lines/edges
23
Gestalt's law of common fate
move together, grouped together
24
Gestalt's law of Pragnanz
stimulus pattern seen in the way so that the resulting structure is as simple as possible
25
Physical regularities in the environment that we are adapted to
Regularly occurring physical properties of the environment § More horizontal/vertical orientations in the environment than angled ones § We can therefore perceive horizontals/verticals more easily than other orientations The oblique effects Light from above assumption □ We usually assume light comes from above (bumps/mounds or indents in the sand)
26
semantic regularities in the environment that we are adapted to
Meaning of a scene- Often related to what is happening in the scene □ Food preparation (cooking, being in a kitchen) The characteristics associated with the functions carried out in different types of scenes Scene schema
26
Bayesian inference
can estimate the probability of an outcome by determining the prior/prior probability (initial belief of the probability or knowledge you are bringing to the situation), and the likelihood of the outcome prior strengthened when it aligns. - becomes prior for next experience
27
brain ablation
the study of the effect of removing parts of the brain in animals
27
main difference between these approaches: Helmholtz's unconscious inference, Gestalt laws of organization, regularities in the environment, Bayesian inference
Helm, Bayes, and Reg: use data from environment/experiences and top down processing Ges: processing is built in, bottom up
28
What are the two types of processing in the brain related to perception and action? A:
Perceiving objects Locating and taking action toward objects
28
What are the two tasks used in brain ablation studies with monkeys?
1. Object discrimination problem 2. Landmark discrimination problem
28
"What pathway" (Ventral pathway) connect and do?
Connects: Occipital lobe → Temporal lobe Responsible for: Determining an object's identity (perceiving objects)
29
What does the "Where pathway" (Dorsal pathway) connect and do?
Connects: Occipital lobe → Parietal lobe Responsible for: Determining an object's location (locating objects)
29
What are mirror neurons and where are they located?
Neurons located in the premotor cortex Respond to performing an action and observing someone else perform the same action signal intention
30
How do mirror neurons signal intention?
A: By responding to the sequence of actions most likely to follow in a given context They reflect the expected motor sequence based on the context
31
The bottom up theories and their limitations
template theory: whatever information comes in, we have a matching idea of what that object is (they match we identify) - limitation is rigid feature theory: hierarchal understanding: stimuli as a combination of elemental features, search for memories of those features (break down to reconstruct) - limitation, what is a feature? no room for relative spatial positions prototype theory: the ideal for a category, object compared to ideal, look at the whole, allows for spatial positioning/variation of real world - studied by Posner and Keele - limitation is they are vague
32
how do we recognize objects are discussed by
object centered theories (feature position relative to other complex 3D features) and viewer-centered theories (store representations, transform stimuli to match them)
33
Biedermans Recognition by Components
geons and objects, if we recognize the components we will recognize the object, intersections are important
34
Tarrs multiple view theory
we store viewpoints in our head, evidecence comes from recognition of novel objects from different view points
35
what theory of object perception is important for decision making
Bayesian

Psyc 221 (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions