Week 5 Long Term Memory Structure

Question 1

the interplay between what is happening in the present/how we are using that information in the present compared to information from the past/knowledge we can bring to scenarios is the best distinction between

Answer 1

STM/WM and LTM

Question 2

what is it called when we remember the last bit of information, why is this

Answer 2

recency effect

most readily available in our STM therefore easier to recall

Question 2

what is the effect called when you can remember information that was first given to you, why is that the case?

Answer 2

primacy effect

you can rehearse it the most and before there are multiple other things to rehearse

Question 3

coding is

Answer 3

the form in which stimuli are presented

Question 4

what is proactive interference and how can we release ourselves from it

Answer 4

it is when information from the past interferes with our learning/memory of new information

release by introducing significant change from old information (fruit words to occupation words)

Question 5

LTM is really good for remembering ___ but not so much ____

Answer 5

meaning, details

Question 6

primary coding mechanisms for STM compared to LTM

Answer 6

STM: auditory (sounds)

LTM: semantic (meaning)

Question 7

primary brain regions for LTM and STM

Answer 7

LTM: hippocampus

STM: parietal lobe

Question 8

difference between episodic and semantic memory

Answer 8

episodic: memory for experiences
involves mental time travel, self-knowing/remembering

semantic: memory for facts
involves accessing knowledge about the world that does not have to be tied to personal experience

Question 9

what are some factors that intertwine episodic and semantic memory

Answer 9

autobiographical memory requires both
-memory for specific experiences
-personal semantic memories: facts associated with personal experiences

both feed into each other: knowledge affects experience and vice versa

Question 10

personal semantic memories

Answer 10

facts associated with personal experiences

Question 11

what is semanticization of memories

Answer 11

for remote memories, we lose episodic detail

Question 12

what are the ways of remembering associated with episodic and semantic memory

Answer 12

familiarity: semantic

recollection: episodic

Question 12

what does the remember/know procedure say about our memory

Answer 12

we have memory for public events in the most recent 10 years, and for events 40-50 years prior
○ Details 10 years good, but poor for 40-50

Question 13

extending into the future is not about predicting, but ____

Answer 13

being able to create possible scenarios for the future

Question 13

what does the constructive episodic simulation hypothesis suggest

Answer 13

we extract and recombine episodic memories to construct simulations for the future

fMRI shows similar activity when thinking about past and future

Question 14

how does the default mode network connect to the future

Answer 14

mind wandering can let us think about future events and prepare for them

mind wandering can close us off to autobiographical information that helps us plan!

Question 15

personal significance effect

Answer 15

the tendency to remember semantic information more when it can connect to you personally

Question 16

describe explicit and implicit memory

Answer 16

explicit (semantic and episodic)
memories we are aware of

Implicit (procedural) memories we are not aware of, happens when learning by experience and is not a part of conscious memory

Question 17

what is procedural memory

Answer 17

skill memory
-often motor but can also be cognitive (grammar rules and use of proper grammar)

Question 18

the relationship of procedural memory and attention

Answer 18

good to give attention to the skill while learning it, but after it is learned/mastered best to not think too hard/give it attention

Question 19

expert-induced amnesia

Answer 19

automaticity of a skill we have mastered

Question 20

priming and implicit memory

Answer 20

presentation of stimulus alters the way a person responds to another stimulus

Question 21

propoganda effect

Answer 21

likely to say something is true just because they had been exposed to it before

Question 22

is classical conditioning an example of implicit or explicit memory

Answer 22

implicit

Question 23

capacity of LTM

Answer 23

10^13 this is the amount of synapses in the cerebral cortex

Question 24

what is considered to be LTM

Answer 24

anything beyond 30secs ago

Question 25

what is the reminiscent bump

Answer 25

tendency for adults over 40 to have more vivd memories for adolescence and early adulthood

Question 26

ways we see implicit memory

Answer 26

priming (word completion/lexical decision task) conditioning procedural memory

Question 27

why is it recommended to study with non distracting music

Answer 27

it puts us in a positive emotional state which helps us encode better

Question 28

how is explicit memory measured and how is implicit memory measured

Answer 28

direct memory tests, indirect memory tests

Question 28

characteristics of episodic memory

Answer 28

representation ties to sensory experience prone to forgetting temporal and contextual information

Question 29

characteristics of semantic memory

Answer 29

representations are conceptual information representations are separate from encoding experience, time and context less prone to forgetting

Question 30

what does the lexical decision task tell us

Answer 30

that semantic memory impacts processing without us being aware faster to say milk if we see cow than an unrelated word like desk

Question 31

how does encoding elaboration work

Answer 31

by elaborating more on the information, it helps us to encode it stronger because we've added meaning/support elaboration only helpful if meaningful

Question 31

retrograde vs anterograde amnesia

Answer 31

retrograde: loss of memory prior to accident (most recent most affected - graded) anterograde: disruption for memory after injury

Question 32

does organization improve memory

Answer 32

yes, it acts a subcues for the next bit of information

Question 33

how do schemas help with retrieval

Answer 33

makes it easier to recall information - scaffolding (events like going to a restaurant) -help infer details but it is a double edged sword: recall information that fits, but didnt actually happen

Question 33

things that helping encoding/affect what we encode

Answer 33

perspective elaboration (if meaningful) variability of encoding/cues schemas spacing (mass practice for immediate/details, spaced practice for common themes/later testing context effects (learn in water, test in water) state-dependent learning (intoxicated)

Question 34

describe encoding specificity effect

Answer 34

retrieval is successful to the extent that the encoding and retrieval cues match -state-dependent learning -context effects

Question 35

levels of processing and the associated problem with it

Answer 35

we encode more at a deep level of processing than a shallow one problem: circular reasoning- how do we know encoding was deep, memory was better

Question 36

what is transfer appropriate processing

Answer 36

depending on how you encoded it, better at recalling it if the test matched encoding processing that you do transfers over to the testing

Question 37

why is it important to imagine the future

Answer 37

guide our future behaviour when scenarios happen, we are able to act effectively

Question 38

implicit memory

Answer 38

LTM performance affected by prior experience with no necessary awareness of the influence or memory

Question 39

explicit memory is measured with

Answer 39

direct memory tests

Question 40

lexical decision task shows us

Answer 40

how related words are processed faster than unrelated words

Question 41

stereotype threat

Answer 41

if we are made aware of stereotypes (women are bad at math) we see greater differences in performance

Question 42

graded amnesia

Answer 42

most recent memories are more susceptible to being lost due to injury (haven't been consolidated yet)