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Anatomy of the Limbs & Back > Week 2 - The Shoulder > Flashcards

Week 2 - The Shoulder Flashcards

1
Q

What joints is the shoulder complex composed of?

A
  • Sternoclavicular Joint
  • Acromioclavicular Joint
  • Glenohumeral Joint
  • Scapulothoracic Joint
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2
Q

What type of joint is the sternoclavicular joint?

A

Saddle synovial joint

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3
Q

What structures form the sternoclavicular joint?

A
  • Clavicular notch of manubrium of sternum
  • Sternal end of clavicle
  • 1st costal cartilage
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4
Q

What is the function of the articular disc in the sternoclavicular joint?

A
  • Splits the cavity in 2
  • Allows for two different movements
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5
Q

Which ligaments are associated with the sternoclavicular joint?

A
  • Anterior sternoclavicular ligament
  • Posterior sternoclavicular ligament
  • Interclavicular ligament
  • Costoclavicular ligament
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6
Q

What will break before the ligaments in the sternoclavicular joint?

A

Clavicle

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7
Q

What type of joint is the acromioclavicular joint?

A

Plane synovial joint

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8
Q

What structures form the acromioclavicular joint?

A

Acromion process of scapula & acromial end of clavicle

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9
Q

What ligaments are associated with the acromioclavicular joint?

A
  • Acromioclavicular ligament
  • Coracoclavicular ligaments (Conoid, Trapezoid)
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10
Q

What does dislocation of the acromioclavicular joint indicate?

A

Shoulder separation due to rupture of acromioclavicular or coracoclavicular ligaments

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11
Q

What type of joint is the glenohumeral joint?

A

Ball & Socket synovial joint

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12
Q

What structures form the glenohumeral joint?

A
  • Glenoid cavity
  • Anatomical head of humerus
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13
Q

What is the characteristic of the glenohumeral joint?

A

Shallow socket provides mobility but reduced stability

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14
Q

What deepens the cavity of the glenohumeral joint?

A

Fibrocartilage labrum

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15
Q

Which muscles are part of the rotator cuff?

A
  • Supraspinatus
  • Infraspinatus
  • Teres minor
  • Subscapularis
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16
Q

What ligaments are associated with the glenohumeral joint?

A
  • Glenohumeral ligaments (Superior, Middle, Inferior)
  • Coracoacromial ligament
  • Coracohumeral ligament
  • Transverse humeral ligament
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17
Q

What is the most commonly dislocated joint in the body?

A

Glenohumeral joint

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18
Q

What occurs during anterior dislocation of the glenohumeral joint?

A

Head of the humerus is forced anteriorly

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19
Q

What is the function of the subscapular bursa?

A
  • facilitate movement
  • minimize friction in the shoulder joint
  • acts as a cushion between the subscapularis muscle and the underlying bones
  • allowing the muscle to move smoothly during shoulder actions.

Located between scapula and subscapularis tendon

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20
Q

What does the subacromial/subdeltoid bursa prevent friction between?

A

Prevents friction between acromion, coracoacromial arch and other structures

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21
Q

What type of joint is the humeroradial joint?

A

Plane synovial joint

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22
Q

What structures form the humeroradial joint?

A
  • Capitulum of humerus
  • Head of radius
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23
Q

What type of joint is the humeroulnar joint?

A

Hinge synovial joint

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24
Q

What structures form the humeroulnar joint?

A
  • Trochlea of humerus
  • Trochlear notch of ulna
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25
What movements does the humeroulnar joint allow?
Flexion & extension
26
What type of joint is the proximal radioulnar joint?
Pivot synovial joint
27
What structures form the proximal radioulnar joint?
- Head of radius - Radial notch of ulna
28
What ligaments are associated with the elbow complex?
* Medial (ulnar) collateral ligament * Lateral (radial) collateral ligament * Annular ligament
29
What can cause subluxation or dislocation of the radial head?
Child's arm is forced up | Nursemaid's Elbow
30
What type of joint is the interosseous membrane?
Syndesmosis (fibrous) joint
31
What is the function of the interosseous membrane?
- Binds radius & ulna together - Distributes forces - Divides forearm into compartments
32
What type of joint is the distal radioulnar joint?
Pivot synovial joint
33
What structures form the distal radioulnar joint?
- Head of ulna - Ulnar notch of radius
34
What occurs at the distal radioulnar joint during pronation and supination?
Radius pivots around the fixed ulna
35
What type of joint is the radiocarpal (wrist) joint?
Condyloid synovial joint
36
What structures form the radiocarpal joint?
- Radius - Scaphoid - Lunate
37
What ligaments are associated with the radiocarpal joint?
* Palmar radiocarpal ligament * Dorsal radiocarpal ligament
38
What type of joint is the carpometacarpal joint?
- Saddle synovial joint (1st) - Plane synovial joint (2nd-5th)
39
Which carpals are involved in the carpometacarpal joint?
* Trapezium * Trapezoid * Capitate * Hamate
40
What type of joint is the metacarpophalangeal joint?
Condyloid synovial joint
41
What structures form the metacarpophalangeal joint?
Head of metacarpal & base of proximal phalanx
42
What are the types of interphalangeal joints?
- Proximal Interphalangeal Joint (PIPJ or PIJ) - Distal Interphalangeal Joint (DIPJ or DIJ) - Thumb Interphalangeal Joint
43
What structures form the first interphalangeal joint?
Proximal phalanx & distal phalanx
44
What structures form the proximal interphalangeal joint?
Proximal phalanx & intermediate phalanx
45
What structures form the distal interphalangeal joint?
Intermediate phalanx & distal phalanx
46
What are the superficial muscles of the posterior axioappendicular group?
- Trapezius - Latissimus dorsi ## Footnote These muscles are primarily responsible for movements of the shoulder girdle.
47
What are the deep muscles of the posterior axioappendicular group?
- Levator scapulae - Rhomboids ## Footnote These muscles assist in stabilizing and moving the scapula.
48
Which muscles are included in the scapulohumeral group?
- Deltoid - Teres major - Rotator cuff muscles (RCs) x4 ## Footnote The rotator cuff consists of supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, and subscapularis.
49
What are the muscles of the anterior axio-appendicular group? ## Footnote Shoulder
- Pectoralis major - Pectoralis minor - Serratus anterior - Subclavius ## Footnote These muscles are involved in movements such as flexion and protraction of the shoulder.
50
Which muscles are involved in the anterior compartment of the arm?
- Biceps brachii - Coracobrachialis - Brachialis ## Footnote These muscles primarily flex the elbow and shoulder.
51
Which muscle is found in the posterior compartment of the arm?
Triceps brachii ## Footnote This muscle is responsible for extension of the elbow.
52
What are the primary muscles involved in shoulder abduction?
- Deltoid (all parts) - Supraspinatus ## Footnote Shoulder abduction involves moving the arm away from the body.
53
Which muscles are responsible for shoulder adduction?
- Latissimus dorsi - Pectoralis major - Teres major - Coracobrachialis | A Lady Between 2 Majors ## Footnote Shoulder adduction brings the arm closer to the body.
54
Name the muscles that facilitate shoulder flexion.
- Anterior deltoid - Coracobrachialis - Pectoralis major - Biceps brachii ## Footnote Shoulder flexion is the movement of raising the arm forward.
55
Which muscle is primarily responsible for shoulder extension?
Posterior deltoid ## Footnote Shoulder extension is the backward movement of the arm.
56
Identify the muscles involved in medial rotation of the shoulder.
- Anterior deltoid - Latissimus dorsi - Pectoralis major - Teres major - Subscapularis ## Footnote Medial rotation turns the arm inward toward the body.
57
What muscles are responsible for lateral rotation of the shoulder?
- Posterior deltoid - Teres minor - Infraspinatus ## Footnote Lateral rotation turns the arm outward, away from the body.
58
Which muscles contribute to the superior rotation of the scapula?
- Upper part of trapezius - Serratus anterior - Lower part of trapezius ## Footnote Superior rotation of the scapula involves the upward movement of the scapula.
59
What is the primary function of the muscles involved in inferior rotation of the scapula?
Facilitate downward movement of the scapula ## Footnote Inferior rotation of the scapula helps in lowering the arm.
60
What is the initial degree of abduction of the humerus at the GHJ?
30° ## Footnote This is the first phase of scapulohumeral rhythm.
61
What occurs after the initial 30° of abduction at the GHJ?
>30° - Abduction at the GHJ & superior rotation of scapula ## Footnote This indicates the coordination between humeral abduction and scapular movement.
62
At approximately how many degrees does lateral rotation of the humerus occur?
120° ## Footnote This is part of the scapulohumeral rhythm.
63
By what degree has the scapula rotated when the GHJ has abducted to 150°?
40° ## Footnote This reflects the relationship between scapular rotation and humeral abduction.
64
What artery is divided into three parts by the pectoralis minor?
Axillary artery ## Footnote The axillary artery supplies blood to the shoulder region.
65
What is the largest branch of the third part of the axillary artery?
Subscapular artery ## Footnote The subscapular artery has important branches supplying the scapular region.
66
List the branches of the second part of the axillary artery.
* Thoracoacromial trunk * Lateral thoracic artery ## Footnote These branches supply various regions around the shoulder and chest.
67
Which nerve innervates the shoulder joint and is from the upper trunk of the brachial plexus?
Suprascapular nerve ## Footnote This nerve provides sensory and motor innervation to the shoulder.
68
What is the function of the axillary nerve?
Innervates deltoid and teres minor ## Footnote The axillary nerve also provides sensation to the skin over the shoulder.
69
What is a common cause of anterior shoulder dislocation?
Violent external rotation in abduction ## Footnote This is especially prevalent in young men.
70
What percentage of shoulder dislocations are anterior?
95% ## Footnote Most shoulder dislocations occur in the anterior direction due to the anatomy of the joint.
71
What is a Bankart lesion?
Avulsion of anterior labrum & inferior GH ligament ## Footnote This injury is often associated with shoulder dislocations.
72
What is the primary cause of subacromial impingement?
Compression of supraspinatus tendon ## Footnote This condition is the most common cause of shoulder pain.
73
What is the typical duration of a frozen shoulder condition?
18-24 months ## Footnote This condition is self-limiting but can significantly restrict movement.
74
Fill in the blank: The long head of the biceps brachii originates from the _______.
supraglenoid tubercle of scapula ## Footnote This anatomical origin is crucial for understanding biceps function.
75
True or False: A Hill Sachs lesion occurs in 90% of shoulder dislocations.
True ## Footnote This type of injury is often seen in conjunction with dislocations.
76
What is the typical conservative treatment duration for axillary nerve injury?
6-8 weeks ## Footnote This allows for myelin sheath regrowth and recovery.
77
What is the common mechanism for rotator cuff tears?
Degeneration of tendon due to repetitive stress ## Footnote This is prevalent among individuals involved in overhead work or sports.
78
What is the scapular region?
The posterior aspect of the shoulder.
79
What is the quadrangular space?
An intermuscular space located below the glenohumeral joint.
80
What structures bound the quadrangular space?
* Above: Subscapularis, teres minor muscles, shoulder joint capsule * Below: Teres major muscle * Medially: Long head of the triceps * Laterally: Surgical neck of the humerus
81
True or False: The axillary nerve and posterior circumflex humeral vessels pass through the quadrangular space.
True
82
What is the axilla?
A pyramid-shaped space between the upper arm and side of the chest.
83
What forms the apex of the axilla?
* Clavicle (anterior) * Upper border of the scapula (posterior) * Outer border of the first rib (medially)
84
What forms the base of the axilla?
* Anterior axillary fold (pectoralis major) * Posterior axillary fold (latissimus dorsi and teres major) * Chest wall (medially)
85
List the four walls of the axilla.
* Anterior wall: Pectoralis major, subclavius, pectoralis minor * Posterior wall: Subscapularis, latissimus dorsi, teres major * Medial wall: Upper ribs and intercostal spaces covered by serratus anterior * Lateral wall: Coracobrachialis and biceps brachii
86
What important structures are contained within the axilla?
* Axillary artery and its branches * Axillary vein and its tributaries * Lymph vessels and lymph nodes * Brachial plexus
87
What is the pectoralis minor?
A thin triangular muscle that lies deep to the pectoralis major.
88
Where does the pectoralis minor insert?
Coracoid process of the scapula.
89
What is the clavipectoral fascia?
A strong sheet of connective tissue lying deep to the pectoralis major.
90
What structures pierce the clavipectoral fascia?
* Lateral pectoral nerve * Cephalic vein * Branches of the thoracoacromial artery * Lymphatic channels from infraclavicular nodes
91
Fill in the blank: The axilla contains the axillary artery, axillary vein, lymph vessels, and _______.
[Brachial plexus]

Anatomy of the Limbs & Back (18 decks)

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