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Anatomy of the Limbs & Back > Week 22 - Ankle & Foot > Flashcards

Week 22 - Ankle & Foot Flashcards

(93 cards)

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1
Q

What type of joint is the ankle joint?

A

Hinge-type synovial joint

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2
Q

Between which bones is the ankle joint located?

A
  • Distal ends of the tibia and fibula
  • Superior part of the talus
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3
Q

Where can the ankle joint be palpated?

A

Between the tendons on the anterior surface of the ankle, approximately 1 cm proximal to the tip of the medial malleolus

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4
Q

What forms the malleolar mortise in the ankle joint?

A

Distal ends of the tibia, fibula, and inferior transverse part of the posterior tibiofibular ligament

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5
Q

What is the trochlea of the talus?

A

The rounded superior articular surface of the talus

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6
Q

How does the tibia articulate with the talus?

A

In two places:
- Inferior surface forms the roof of malleolar mortise
- Medial malleolus articulates with medial surface of the trochlea

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7
Q

What is the strongest grip of the malleoli on the trochlea observed during?

A

Dorsiflexion of the foot

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8
Q

What limits the spreading of the tibia and fibula during dorsiflexion?

A

Strong interosseous tibiofibular ligament and anterior and posterior tibiofibular ligaments

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9
Q

During which movement is the ankle joint relatively unstable?

A

Plantarflexion

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10
Q

What are the main movements of the ankle joint?

A
  • Dorsiflexion
  • Plantarflexion
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11
Q

What structures provide blood supply to the ankle joint?

A

Malleolar branches of:
- Fibular artery
- Anterior tibial artery
- Posterior tibial artery

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12
Q

Which nerves are involved in the nerve supply of the ankle joint?

A
  • Saphenous nerve
  • Tibial nerve
  • Sural nerve
  • Superficial fibular nerve
  • Deep fibular nerve
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13
Q

What type of joint is the subtalar joint?

A

Plane synovial joint

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14
Q

What movements are primarily associated with the subtalar joint?

A
  • Inversion
  • Eversion
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15
Q

Which ligament supports the head of the talus in the talocalcaneonavicular joint?

A

Plantar calcaneonavicular (spring) ligament

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16
Q

What is the role of the deltoid ligament?

A

Stabilizes the ankle joint during eversion and prevents subluxation

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17
Q

Fill in the blank: Dorsiflexion of the ankle is produced by the muscles in the _______ compartment of the leg.

A

[anterior]

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18
Q

Fill in the blank: Plantarflexion of the ankle is produced by the muscles in the _______ compartment of the leg.

A

[posterior]

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19
Q

What is the anatomical definition of the subtalar joint?

A

A single synovial joint between the posterior calcaneal articular surface of the talus and the posterior articular facet of the calcaneus

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20
Q

True or False: The anatomical subtalar joint is functionally distinct from the clinical subtalar joint.

A

False

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21
Q

What does the anatomical subtalar joint consist of?

A

the articulation formed between posterior articular surfaces of two tarsal bones; the talus and calcaneus

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22
Q

What is the significance of the talocalcaneal interosseous ligament in relation to the subtalar joint?

A

The two separate elements of the clinical subtalar joint straddle the talocalcaneal interosseous ligament.

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23
Q

What is the primary function of the subtalar joint?

A
  • Inversion
  • Eversion
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24
Q

How does the transverse tarsal joint function?

A

The transverse tarsal joint allows the midfoot and forefoot to rotate as a unit on the hindfoot around a longitudinal (AP) axis.

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25
What are the major ligaments of the plantar aspect of the foot?
* Plantar calcaneonavicular ligament (spring ligament) * Long plantar ligament * Plantar calcaneocuboid ligament (short plantar ligament)
26
What is the role of the plantar calcaneonavicular ligament? ## Footnote The Spring Ligament
- Supports the head of the talus - Plays important roles in the transfer of weight - Maintaining the longitudinal arch of the foot
27
What does the long plantar ligament connect?
The long plantar ligament connects the plantar surface of the calcaneus to the groove on the cuboid.
28
What is the function of the plantar calcaneocuboid ligament?
The plantar calcaneocuboid ligament is involved in maintaining the **longitudinal arch** of the foot.
29
What is the function of the arches of the foot?
- Distribute weight - Act as shock absorbers - Serve as springboards during movement.
30
What is the impact of the foot's flexibility during ground contact?
The foot's flexibility absorbs shock and reduces the forces transmitted through the skeletal system.
31
What are the components of the medial longitudinal arch?
* Calcaneus * Talus * Navicular * Three cuneiforms * Three metatarsals
32
Which tendon helps support the medial longitudinal arch?
The tibialis anterior and posterior tendons help support the medial longitudinal arch.
33
What bones make up the lateral longitudinal arch?
* Calcaneus * Cuboid * Lateral two metatarsals
34
What is the transverse arch of the foot formed by?
The transverse arch is formed by: - Cuboid - Cuneiforms - Bases of the metatarsals.
35
What are the passive factors involved in maintaining the arches of the foot?
* Shape of the united bones * Plantar aponeurosis * Long plantar ligament * Plantar calcaneocuboid ligament * Plantar calcaneonavicular ligament
36
What are the dynamic supports involved in maintaining the arches of the foot?
* Active bracing action of intrinsic muscles * Contraction of muscles with long tendons (e.g., Flexors hallucis and digitorum longus, Fibularis longus, and tibialis posterior)
37
What is podagra? ## Footnote Clinical
Podagra is severe pain in the 1st metatarsophalangeal joint, often caused by gout or arthritis.
38
True or False: The medial longitudinal arch is lower than the lateral longitudinal arch.
False
39
What is the significance of the metatarsophalangeal joint of the great toe?
It is commonly affected by gout and osteoarthritis, leading to edema and tenderness.
40
What is the ankle?
The transition zone between the leg and the foot.
41
What structures cross the anterior aspect of the ankle?
- Tibialis Anterior - Extensor Digitorum Longus - Extensor Hallucis Longus - Anterior Talofibular Ligament - Anterior Tibial Artery - Dorsalis Pedis Artery - Deep Peroneal Nerve - Superficial Peroneal Nerve ## Footnote Structures cross anterior to the malleoli and in relation to the extensor retinacula.
42
List structures that pass superficial to the extensor retinacula from medial to lateral.
* Saphenous nerve and great saphenous vein * Superficial fibular (peroneal) nerve (medial and lateral branches)
43
List structures that pass deep to or through the extensor retinacula from medial to lateral.
* Tibialis anterior tendon * Extensor hallucis longus tendon * Anterior tibial artery with venae comitantes * Deep fibular (peroneal) nerve * Extensor digitorum longus tendons * Fibularis tertius
44
What surrounds each tendon passing beneath or through the extensor retinacula?
A synovial sheath.
45
What structures pass immediately anterior to the medial malleolus?
* Great saphenous vein * Saphenous nerve
46
List structures that pass behind the **medial malleolus** deep to the flexor retinaculum from medial to lateral.
* **T**ibialis posterior tendon * Flexor **d**igitorum longus tendon * Posterior tibial **a**rtery with **v**enae comitantes * Tibial **n**erve * Flexor **h**allucis longus tendon | Tom Dick And a Very Nervous Harry
47
What structures pass behind the lateral malleolus superficial to the superior fibular retinaculum?
* The sural nerve * Small saphenous vein
48
What structures pass behind the lateral malleolus deep to the superior fibular retinaculum?
Fibularis longus and brevis tendons share a common synovial sheath.
49
What lies directly behind the ankle?
Fat and the large tendo calcaneus.
50
What is the primary function of the foot?
Supports body weight and provides leverage for walking and running.
51
What are the anatomical terms for the top and bottom of the foot?
- **Top**: dorsum of the foot - **Bottom**: sole or plantar side.
52
What is the skin of the sole of the foot like?
Thick and hairless, firmly bound to underlying deep fascia.
53
What cutaneous nerves innervate the sole of the foot?
* Medial calcaneal branch of the tibial nerve * Branches from the medial plantar nerve * Branches from the lateral plantar nerve
54
What is the plantar aponeurosis?
A triangular thickening of the deep fascia that protects underlying nerves, blood vessels, and muscles.
55
What is plantar fasciitis?
A condition causing pain and tenderness of the sole, often due to repeated minor trauma.
56
List the muscles of the sole of the foot from superficial to deep.
* First layer: Abductor hallucis, flexor digitorum brevis, abductor digiti minimi * Second layer: Quadratus plantae, lumbricals * Third layer: Flexor hallucis brevis, adductor hallucis, flexor digiti minimi brevis * Fourth layer: Interossei
57
What is the origin and action of the abductor hallucis?
Origin: Medial tuberosity of calcaneum; Action: Flexes and abducts big toe.
58
What tendon enters the sole by passing behind the medial malleolus deep to the flexor retinaculum?
Flexor digitorum longus tendon.
59
What does the fibrous sheath in each toe do?
Provides a tunnel for the flexor tendons of the toe.
60
What surrounds the tendons of the flexor hallucis longus and flexor digitorum longus?
Synovial sheaths.
61
Where does the fibularis longus tendon insert?
Base of the first metatarsal bone and the adjacent part of the medial cuneiform.
62
What does the tibialis posterior tendon insert into?
Mainly into the tuberosity of the navicular.
63
What artery passes behind the medial malleolus?
Posterior tibial artery.
64
What is the smaller terminal branch of the posterior tibial artery?
Medial plantar artery.
65
What is the larger terminal branch of the posterior tibial artery?
Lateral plantar artery.
66
What is the origin of the medial plantar artery?
Posterior Tibial Artery ## Footnote It arises deep to the flexor retinaculum
67
What muscle does the medial plantar artery pass deep to?
Abductor hallucis muscle
68
What does the medial plantar artery supply?
Medial side of the big toe
69
What type of branches does the medial plantar artery give off?
Numerous muscular, cutaneous, and articular branches
70
What is the larger terminal branch of the posterior tibial artery?
Lateral plantar artery
71
Where does the lateral plantar artery arise?
Deep to the flexor retinaculum
72
What does the lateral plantar artery form at the base of the fifth metatarsal bone?
Plantar arch
73
With which artery does the lateral plantar artery anastomose?
Deep plantar artery
74
What does the plantar arch give off?
Plantar metatarsal arteries to the toes
75
What do the medial and lateral plantar veins form behind the medial malleolus?
Posterior tibial venae comitantes
76
What does the tibial nerve divide into?
Medial and lateral plantar nerves
77
Where does the medial plantar nerve arise?
Deep to the flexor retinaculum
78
Which muscles receive muscular branches from the medial plantar nerve?
* Abductor hallucis * Flexor digitorum brevis * Flexor hallucis brevis * First lumbrical muscle
79
What do the cutaneous branches of the medial plantar nerve supply?
Sides of the medial three and a half toes
80
What is the terminal branch of the tibial nerve that runs deep to the flexor retinaculum?
Lateral plantar nerve
81
What does the lateral plantar nerve divide into at the base of the fifth metatarsal bone?
Superficial and deep branches
82
What muscles receive muscular branches from the lateral plantar nerve?
* Quadratus plantae * Abductor digiti minimi * Flexor digiti minimi * Interosseous muscles of the fourth intermetatarsal space
83
What type of skin does the dorsum of the foot have?
Thin, hairy, and freely mobile
84
Which nerve supplies the sensory nerve supply to the skin on the dorsum of the foot?
Superficial fibular (peroneal) nerve
85
What does the dorsal venous arch drain into on the medial side?
Great saphenous vein
86
What does the dorsal venous arch drain into on the lateral side?
Small saphenous vein
87
What is the sole intrinsic muscle on the dorsum of the foot?
Extensor digitorum brevis
88
What does the tendon of extensor digitorum longus divide into?
Four tendons for the lateral four toes
89
What artery supplies the dorsum of the foot?
Dorsalis pedis artery
90
What is the continuation of the anterior tibial artery?
Dorsalis pedis artery
91
What branches does the dorsalis pedis artery give off?
* Lateral tarsal artery * Arcuate artery * First dorsal metatarsal artery * Deep plantar artery
92
What does the deep fibular (peroneal) nerve supply?
Anterior Compartment of the Leg & - Lateral branch – innervates two of the intrinsic muscles of the foot (extensor digitorum brevis and extensor hallucis brevis). - Medial branch – innervates the skin of the webbed space between the 1st and 2nd toes.
93
What does the lateral branch of the deep fibular nerve supply?
Extensor digitorum brevis muscle

Anatomy of the Limbs & Back (18 decks)

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