Week 2.1.2

Question 1

The visceral thorax means to be ___ the thorax

Answer 1

Inside

Question 2

The respiratory structures of the visceral thorax can be grouped according to __ and ___. These zones are known as the

Answer 2

Function and location

Conducting Zone and Respiratory Zone

Question 3

What is the main purpose of the conducting zone?

Answer 3

-Carry air to the respiratory zone

Question 4

List the structures of the conducting zone

Answer 4

Upper respiratory tract (URT) and lower respiratory tract (LRT)

Question 5

What are the 3 components of the URT?

Answer 5

Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx (above the vocal folds)

Question 6

What are the 4 components of the LRT?

Answer 6

Larynx (below the vocal folds), trachea, bronchi, bronchioles

Question 7

The respiratory tract is at the ___ end of the LRT

Answer 7

Distal

Question 8

What occurs in the respiratory zone?

Answer 8

Gas exchange

Question 9

3 components of the respiratory zone

Answer 9

Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli

Question 10

The trachea is part of the __ zone

Answer 10

Conducting

Question 11

List the 3 components of the tracheal wall from superficial to deep

Answer 11

Mucous membrane, submucosa, adventitia

Question 12

How is the trachea involved in coughing things out? Explain the 3 main points

Answer 12

• Has cilia that propel mucus superiorly
• Elastin = stretch with inhalation and recoil during exhalation
• Mucosa is sensitive to irritants and stimulation will evoke cough reflex

Question 13

What is the purpose of the submucosa and adventitia of the trachea?

Answer 13

• Submucosa has glands to protect mucous

- Adventitia is an outer layer of connective tissue that has cartilaginous rings for structure

Question 14

Which muscle sits in the opening of the cartilaginous rings of the trachea?

Answer 14

Trachealis muscle

Question 15

How many cartilaginous rings are there in the trachea, what type of cartilage is it, and which way do they open?

Answer 15

• 16-20 C-shaped rings
• Hyaline (hence structure)
• Posteriorly

Question 16

The c-rings of the trachea are about 11 cm in length and 2/2.5 cm in diameter.

They go from the ___ border of the larynx into the ___, which is anterior to the ___

Answer 16

• Inferior border
• Mediastinum
• Esophagus

Question 17

What do the trachea’s c-rings divide into?

Answer 17

2 mainstem/primary bronchi

Question 18

What is the carina?

Answer 18

Point of bifurcation from the trachea to the bronchi (form into the mainstem brinchi)

Question 19

Which bronchi is more vertical? How does this affect breathing/swallowing?

Answer 19

• Right side
• Debris/foreign particles more likely to enter this side
• Also wider and shorter

Question 20

How does each primary bronchi enter the lung?

Answer 20

Through the hilum (medial depression) - each lung has 1 primary bronchi

Question 21

How many lobular or secondary bronchi does each lung have?

Answer 21

Right = 3 lobes 
Left = 2 lobes

Question 22

How many segmental/tertiary bronchi are in each lobe? (AKA bronchopulmonary segments)

Answer 22

Right = 10 
Left = 8

Question 23

What does the conducting zone end with?

Answer 23

Terminal bronchioles

-Cartilage disappears and the lobes keep dividing into smaller pathways

Question 24

What happens to the cartilaginous rings as the bronchi get smaller?

Answer 24

• the rings, the cilia and mucous producing cells disappear so that gas exchange can take place as we enter the respiratory zone

Question 25

Briefly explain how the alveoli contribute to gas exchange

Answer 25

- Outer membrane is permeable to O2 and CO2 (has Type 1 and Type 2 cells) - Covered in dense capillary bed

Question 26

What is the difference between the Type 1 and Type 2 cells on the alveoli membrane?

Answer 26

- Type 1: permit gas exchange | - Type 2: produce surfactant to decrease tension and prevent alveoli collapse during respiration (inflates)

Question 27

What is the purpose of the alveoli's dense capillary bed?

Answer 27

-Allows small blood volume to be spread over large surface area for gas exchange

Question 28

Which lobe of the lung contains the cardiac notch?

Answer 28

Left

Question 29

What is an analogy for the lung pleura?

Answer 29

Double layer of Siran Wrap

Question 30

Where does the outer layer of the lung pleurae line? 3 places

Answer 30

- Outer layer = thoracic cavity - Superior surface of diaphragm - Lateral surface of mediastinum (parietal pleura)

Question 31

What does the inner layer of the lung pleurae line? Where does it fold back on itself?

Answer 31

- External surface of the lung (visceral pleura) | - Fold back on itself at the hilum... see image slide 15

Question 32

3 main purposes of the lung pleurae

Answer 32

- Hold parietal and visceral pleura together - Moves with/clings to thoracic wall - Lubricates

Question 33

What is different about the lungs of infants at birth?

Answer 33

- At birth lungs completely fill thorax - Less alveoli (this is why they breathe faster)... develop more into adulthood to share work of gas exchange (slow rate and breathe more efficiently)

Question 34

List the 4 main respiratory defence mechanisms

Answer 34

1. Coordination of breathing and swallowing 2. Mechanical Clearance in the conducting zone 3. Clearance of particles in respiratory zone 4. Clearance of liquids in respiratory zone

Question 35

Briefly explain the respiratory defence mechanism, coordination and breathing

Answer 35

- Respiration inhibited during swallowing (cannot do both at same time) - Highly coordinated to prevent simultaneous swallow and breathing - Respiratory apnea and swallow-related apnea

Question 36

What is aspiration?

Answer 36

- Failed coordination of breathing and swallowing... - Foreign particles enter airway below vocal folds - May lead to aspiration pneumonia (infection from bacteria entered via aspiration)

Question 37

What may affect coordination of breathing and swallowing?

Answer 37

Certain diseases like COPD and PD

Question 38

Briefly explain the respiratory defence mechanism, mechanical clearance in conducting zone

Answer 38

- Afferent inputs from CNS = motor response (coughing) | - VIA Mucociliary action (mucous/foreign particles sent upwards to airway/trachea to be removed through coughing

Question 39

Briefly explain the respiratory defence mechanism, clearance of particles in the respiratory zone

Answer 39

- Macrophages protect alveoli via phagocytosis | - Carry particles to conducting zone, lymph nodes and kill pathogens

Question 40

What does 'phago-' mean?

Answer 40

To eat - always has to do with eating

Question 41

What is phagocytosis?

Answer 41

Particle ingestion (happens via macrophages on alveoli in resp system)

Question 42

Briefly explain the respiratory defence mechanism, clearance of liquids in the respiratory zone

Answer 42

- Lymphatics (drain and filter excess tissue fluids within the lymph system) - Lymphatics clear 400-700 mL p/day - Do this with mascs to manage increase in humidity

Question 43

What is a tracheotomy?

Answer 43

- Incision at 2nd or 3rd tracheal rings so tube can be inserted into trachea - Bipasses URT obstruction

Question 44

What is pneumothorax?

Answer 44

-Pathology of lungs - air in pleural space -Interrupts pleural linkage -Could lead to collapsed lung (Image slide 22)

Question 45

What is chronic bronchitis?

Answer 45

- Overproduction of mucous in LRT b/c of pollutants (ie smoking) and/or allergens - Bronchiole walls thicken - Damaged cilia = poor ventilation and ventilation

Question 46

Respiratory viscera is divided into __ and ___

Answer 46

Respiratory and conducting zone

Question 47

Main purpose of the bronchopulmonary tree?

Answer 47

Provide large surface area for gas exchange

Question 48

Pathologies can affect __ and ___

Answer 48

Air movement (ventilation) and gas exchange (respiration)

Question 49

Air movement is to ___ as gas exchange is to ____

Answer 49

Ventilation; Respiration