week 3 and 4 ante and post mortem Flashcards
(99 cards)
1
Q
manifestations of life are feebly maintained
A
apparent death
2
Q
the period immediately before somatic death
A
agonal period
3
Q
in the process of dying, a dying condition
A
moribund
4
Q
respiratory gurgling or rattling due to mucous buildup in the throat
A
death rattle
5
Q
semi convulsive twitches before death
A
death struggle
6
Q
prolongation of the last violent contraction of muscle
A
cadaveric spasm
7
Q
changes before death
A
agonal period
8
Q
changes after death
A
postmortem
9
Q
death of the organism as a whole. ; body is no longer able to sustain physiologic and metabolic activity
A
somatic death
10
Q
order of death
A
- clinical death
- brain death
- biological death
- cellular death
11
Q
no respiration and heartbeat; reversible phase of somatic death process
A
clinical death
12
Q
no oxygen due to clinical death, leads to this
A
brain death
13
Q
the period where organs and tissues begin to cease; respiration and circulation CANNOT be restored
A
biological death
14
Q
individual cells use up their stores of energy and begin to die
A
cellular death
15
Q
( this is antemortem) the physiologic, or natural death of cells as they complete their life cycles
A
necrobiosis
16
Q
pathological death of tissue as a result of disease processes
A
necrosis
17
Q
major agonal changes that happen to body before death (6)
A
- temperature
- blood circulation
- moisture content
- translocation of microorganisms
- gases in tissues
- therapeutic agents
18
Q
temperature characteristics for agonal changes before death (2)
A
- agonal algor
2. agonal fever
19
Q
decrease in body temp prior to death
A
agonal algor
20
Q
spiking of temperature right before death often in persons with infection, toxemia or poisoning also called fastigium
A
agonal fever
21
Q
blood circulation characteristics for agonal changes before death (3)
A
- agonal hypostasis
- agonal coagulation
- agonal capillary expansion
22
Q
the settling of blood into dependent tissues as a result of gravity taking over the force of circulation
A
agonal hypostasis
23
Q
elements of the blood behind to clot and congeal
A
agonal coagulation
24
Q
opening of the pores in the walls of the capillaries in an attempt to get oxygen; occurs as an attempt to get the body more oxygen to the tissues and cells
A
agonal capillary expansion
25
moisture content characteristics for agonal changes (2)
1. agonal edema
| 2. agonal dehydration
26
an increase in the amount of moisture in the tissues and body cavities; can result from disease processes or agonal capillary expansion
agonal edema
27
a decrease in the amount of moisture in the tissues and body cavities; can also result from disease processes or agonal capillary expansion
agonal dehydration
28
translocation of microorganisms characteristics of agonal changes to the body
movement of microorganisms from one area of the body to another
29
a distention of the body tissues by the presence of gas or air beneath the skin. Brought about by a surgical procedure, trauma, or puncture or tear in the pleural sac or the lung tissue
antemortem subcutaneous emphysema
30
ischemic necrosis; a condition that results in a body part that dies dues to poor blood flow; arteries are obstructed veins are not obstructed
dry gangrene
31
necrotic tissue that is wet; blood and fluids can get to the tissue but are not removed from the tissue
wet gangrene
32
necrosis in a wound infected by an anaerobic gas-forming bacillus, clostridium perfringens
gas gangrene
33
therapeutic agents for agonal changes characteristics
1. chemotherapeutic agents
2. blood thinners
3. antibiotics
4. vasodilators
34
an instrument to hear sounds of cardiac activity and respiration
stethoscope
35
an instrument used to examine the interior of the eye, especially blood flow in the retina
ophthalmoscope
36
detects brain function
electroencephalogram
37
detects heart function
electrocardiogram
38
How long can brain/nervous, muscle, cornea, and blood cells survive after somatic death?
brain/nervous cells; 5 mins
muscle cells; 3 hours
cornea cells; 6 hours
blood cells; 6 hours
39
order of sequence when brain dies
1. cerebral cortex
2. midbrain
3. brain stem
40
signs of death (8)
1. lack of respiration
2. lack of circulation
3. muscular flaccidity
4. changes in eye (clouding, flattening, dilated and unresponsive)
5. postmortem lividity
6. rigor mortis
7,. algor mortis
8. decomp
41
What is the relationship of agonal edema and agonal dehydration?
While agonal capillary expansion allows for opening of capillary walls, also allows fluids to flow out of capillaries and into intercellular spaces; hence constitutes a shift in the moisture balance of edema and dehydration in the body
42
brought on by forces of nature to create changes in the physical state of the body or body tissues; however, does not create chemical change
physical changes
43
Autolytic (cells break down) processes take place which stimulate chemical reactions which creates new chemical compounds
chemical changes
44
order of major postmortem physical changes (6) ; brought about by the stoppage of blood circulation, gravity and surface evaporations
1. algor mortis
2. hypostasis
3. liver mortis
4. dehydration
5. increased viscosity of the blood
6. endogenous invasion of microorganisms
45
factors within the body itself.
| Ratio of surface area to body mass
intrinsic factors
46
factors outside the body and surrounding environments
extrinsic factors
47
intrinsic factors include
1. ratio of surface area of body to body mass
2. body temp at time of death
3. combination of effects of ration of surface area to body mass and body temp combined
48
extrinsic factors include
1. body coverings
| 2. surrounding environment
49
a process by which blood settles as a result of gravitational movement within the vessels to the dependent lower parts of the body
hypostasis
50
refers to the areas where blood movement has been inhibited due to pressure on the capillary beds (contact with a surface)
contact pallor
51
a postmortem intravascular blood discoloration that occurs as a result of hypostasis; also known as postmortem lividity or cadaveric lividity
livor mortis
52
What two factors play an important role in the degree of intensity of liver mortis?
1. blood volume
| 2. blood viscosity
53
2 factors at work in postmortem loss of body moisture
1. surface evaporation
2. gravitation or hypostasis
of blood and body fluids
54
results from the passage of air or air currents over the surface of the body
surface evaporation
55
the physical movements of body fluids to dependent regions of the body
gravitation or hypostasis of blood and body fluids
56
the lower areas where the liquids are flowing to may become engorged
postmortem edema
57
the ability of the cells to draw moisture from the surrounding area into themselves
imbibition
58
Blood begins to dehydrate and blood cells begin to stick together, increasing viscosity
sludge
59
tissue gas- producing anaerobic, saprophytic, spore forming bacillus
- can get into tissue and cause distentsion of the skin within 1-2 hours
- can be spread via unsanitized instruments, bodies laying next to each other, embalming tables
clostridium perfringens
60
2 phases to metabolism
1. anabolism (building phase)
| 2. catabolism (breakdown phase)
61
the extravascular blood discoloration brought about by the hemolysis of blood
postmortem stain
62
Postmortem changes (2 types)
1. Physical changes
| 2. Chemical changes
63
Cooling of the body after death due to intrinsic and extrinsic factors
Algor Mortis
64
Increased viscosity of the blood brought about by clumping of particulate formed elements in the blood vessels
Agglutination
65
As tissues begin to break down micro organisms can begin to move through the body and settle in other areas where they can florish thus creating more fluids and gases
Endogenous translocation of microorganisms
66
How do the microorganisms move?
1. Chemical/physical changes
2. Movement and position changes of the body
3. Passive recirculation of blood
4. Thrombus fragmentation and relocation
5. Mobility of the microorganisms
67
Chemical changes to the body
1. Postmortem caloricity
2. Postmortem stain
3. Shift in pH
4. Rigor mortis
5. Decomp
68
Rise in body temp after death due to continued cellular metabolism. Once oxygen runs out metabolism will stop
Postmortem caloricity
69
Building phase of metabolism
Anabolism
70
Breaking down phase of metabolism
Catabolism
71
- discoloration brought about by the distraction of red blood cells that liberates hemoglobin
- livor mortis is the intravascular stain from pooled blood
- eventually the blood breaks down(hemolysis)
- The blood breaks down into heme and globin
- then heme Passes through the walls of the capillaries and becomes a reddish stain which will not clear as it is extravascular stand
Postmortem stain
72
Blood breaking down
Hemolysis
73
Normal body pH is 7.4
| - after death it drops into acidic range then back to normal
Changes in pH
74
- carbs are broken down into pyruvic and lactic acid
- oxygen then further breaks the acid down to carbon dioxide and water.
- if the oxygen is not present the lactate us and builds up in the muscle tissue, this causes rigor mortis.
- once the acid builds up, protein breaks apart this releases ammonia and Amines
- ammonia is basic and that neutralizes the acid, which takes the pH back to neutral
Changes in postmortem pH levels
75
Muscles are relaxed at time of death
Primary flaccidity
76
After 36-72 hours rigor mortis has subsided , but the preservative may not react well as the proteins have been broken down
Secondary flaccidity
77
What happens if the body is embalmed during full rigor mortis?
Proteins of the muscles are less reactive as they are tightly bound together
78
What is minimal, optimal, and maximum temperture for which rigor can occur?
1. Min 32F
2. 98-100F
3. 120F
79
Separation of compounds into simpler. Substances by the action of microbial and/or autolytic enzymes
Decomposition
80
Why are proteins the most important to us
Because they perform the structure and function of the body
81
What are the top three bio chemicals in our body
Proteins carbs and lipids
82
Any of the class of nature is organic compounds that consist of large molecules composed of one or more long chains of amino acids and are in essential part of all living organisms especially as structural components of body tissue such as muscle hair collagen etc. and as enzymes and antibodies
Proteins
83
Types of decomposition
1. Autolysis
2. Hydrolysis
3. Fermentation
4. Lypolysis
5. Saccharolysis
84
Self destruction of cells
Autolysis
85
Anaerobic bacteria found on the digestive tract translocate throughout body use dead organic cells for their nutrition
Saprophytic
86
Enter the body from the outside they deplete the oxygen in the body making a better conditions for the anaerobic bacteria
Aerobic bacteria
87
The digestive organelles of a cell pH of body changes to acidic after death
- this breaks down cell membrane surrounding the lysosomes
- release to Digest other cells
- Buy products of the state just an army no I said sugars fatty acids and glycerol which is what the other micro organisms need to thrive
Lysosomes
88
Reaction in which water is one of the reactants and compounds are often broken down.
- first chemical reaction in putrefaction
- water is broken apart in another compound is broken apart and new products are formed
- proteins are broken down in a proteoses, peptones and polypeptides which are good food source for bacteria
- these amino acids then undergo more chemical changes and become amines
- amines are skatole, insole, cadaver one and putrescence=stink
Hydrolysis
89
When Anaerobic bacteria is putrefaction
Proteolysis
90
When aerobic bacteria is decay
Proteolysis
91
Bacterial decomposition of carbohydrates under Aerobic conditions
-when carbohydrates are stored in the body of glycogen this breaks down the glucose
Fermentation
92
Decomposition of lipids (fats)
Lypolysis
93
Grave wax, fatty acids that appear on a body after a significant amount of time three months minimum
Adipocere
94
Decomposition of sugars
Saccharolysis
95
Postmortem changes order of decomposition
1. Carbs
2. Soft proteins
3. Fats
4. Hard proteins
5. Bones
96
Signs of decomposition (5)
1. Color change
2. Odor
3. Desquamation (skin slip)
4. Gases
5. Purge
97
This purge looks like coffee grounds
Stomach purge
98
This purge looks frothy
Lung purge
99
What releases the hemoglobin which rapidly decomposes into globin and heme
Hemolysis
