Week 3 Appendicular Skeleton

Question 1

Explain the role of the clavicle

Collar bone

Answer 1

Flattened acrominal (lateral) end articulate with the scapula
Come shaped sternal (medial) end articulates with the sternum
Curvature helps it ‘give’

Question 2

Describe Fractures

And the factors

Answer 2

When forces is stronger than the bone can withstand.
Particular bone involved
Persons agar and general health

Question 3

Classifications of fracture

Answer 3

Simple (Closed)
- Skin is not broken
Compound (open)
-Bone ha broken through skin
-Generally surgery is required
Incomplete
- Only one side of the bone is broken
- Hairline or greenstick fracture
Complete
-Both sides are broken

Question 4

Explain the perceptual Girdle

Shoulder girdle

Answer 4

Attach the upper limb to axial Skelton

Provide attachment sites for the muscle that move the upper limb

Question 5

Characteristics of a clavicle fracture are

Answer 5

Common in children and elderly
Mainly due to indirect contact
Most common site is Middle third

Question 6

4 types of Rotator cuff muscles and function

Answer 6

Subscapularis- Rotates humerus medially
Supraspinatus- Abducts humerus
Infraspinatus- Laterally rotates and adducts humerus
Teres Minor- Laterally rotates and adducts humerus

Question 7

3 Joints of the upper limb

Answer 7

Sternoclavicular

• Synovial saddle
• Diarthrosis

Acrominoclavicular

• Synovial Plane
• Diarthrosis

Glenohumeral joint

• Synovial ball and socket
• Diarthrosis

Question 8

3 Characteristics of Shoulder (Glenohumeral) Joint

Answer 8

• Ball-and-socket joint
• Stability is sacrificed for greater freedom of movement
• Reinforcing ligaments: - Coracohumeral ligament, Three glenohumeral ligaments

Question 9

List 3 characteristics of dislocations

Answer 9

– Occur when bones are forced out of alignment
– Accompanied by sprains, inflammation, and joint immobilization
– Caused by serious falls or playing sports

Question 10

What is a subluxation ?

Answer 10

– Partial dislocation of a joint

– Common in the spine

Question 11

In the hand label the amount of bones and there location

Answer 11

• 8 carpal bones in the wrist
• 5 metacarpal bones in the palm
• 14 phalanges in the fingers

Question 12

3 characteristic of the humerus

Answer 12

• Largest, longest bone of upper limb
• Articulates superiorly with glenoid cavity of scapula
• Articulates inferiorly with radius and ulna

Question 13

3 characteristics of the elbow joint

Answer 13

• Synovial joint - Hinge
• Radius and ulna articulate with the humerus
• Flexion and extension only

Question 14

List the two bones of the forearm and 2 characteristics of each.

Answer 14

• Ulna
– Medial bone in forearm
– Forms the major portion of the elbow joint with the humerus
• Radius
– Lateral bone in forearm
– Head articulates with capitulum of humerus and with radial notch of ulna

Question 15

List the two rows (4 bones in each) that form the wrist

Answer 15

• Proximal row
– Scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform
• Distal row
– Trapezium, trapezoid, capitate and hamate

Question 16

How many metacarpal bones are there?

Answer 16

5

Question 17

3 Characteristic of the phalanges

Answer 17

– Each finger (digit), except the thumb, has three phalanges—distal, middle, and proximal
– Fingers are numbered 1–5, beginning with the thumb (pollex)
– Thumb has no middle phalange

Question 18

2 Characteristics of a pisiform and scaphoid fracture

Answer 18

• The pisiform is injured in a fall on the outstretched hand with the wrist in extension
• Scaphoid fractures are 60-70% of all carpal fractures

Question 19

4 Differences separating pectoral v pelvic girdle

Answer 19

• Pectoral does not articulate directly with vertebrae
• Pectoral girdle provides more mobility than strength
• Pelvic girdle provides more strength than mobility
• Pelvic girdle is much more massive than pectoral girdle

Question 20

3 Characteristics of the pelvic girdle

Answer 20

• Two hip bones (each also called coxal bone or os coxae)
• Each hip bone consists of three fused bones:
– ilium, ischium, and pubis
• Joined posteriorly by the sacrum forming the sacroiliac joints

Question 21

The 3 pelvic bones are the…

Answer 21

Illium, Ischium, Pubis

Question 22

3 Characteristic of the Illium

Answer 22

– Consists of a superior ala and inferior body which forms the acetabulum (the socket for the head of the femur)
– Superior border - iliac crest
– Greater sciatic notch - allows passage of sciatic nerve

Question 23

2 Characteristics of the Ischium

Answer 23

– Inferior and posterior part of the hip bone

– Most prominent feature is the ischial tuberosity

Question 24

2 Characteristics of the Pubis

Answer 24

– Inferior and anterior part of the hip bone

– Superior and inferior rami and body

Question 25

Explain the pelvic brim and the difference between a true and false pelvis.

Answer 25

– A line from the sacral promontory to the upper part of the pubic symphysis
• True Pelvis = Lies below this line
• False pelvis = Lies above this line

Question 26

3 Differences between male and female pelvis

Answer 26

Female pelvis Adapted for childbearing
Cavity of the true pelvis is broad, shallow
Pubic arch is greater than 90°
Male Pelvis is –Tilted less forward
– Smaller and heart shaped
– Adapted for support of male’s heavier build and stronger muscles

Question 27

3 Characteristics of the hip (Coxal) Joint

Answer 27

• Ball-and-socket joint
• Head of the femur articulates with the acetabulum
• Reinforced by several ligaments

Question 28

What 4 ligaments reinforce the hip joint?

Answer 28

– illiofemoral ligament
– Pubofemoral ligament
– Ischiofemoral ligament
– Ligamentum teres

Question 29

What is arthroplasty?

Answer 29

• Arthroplasty is surgery to relieve pain and restore range of motion by realigning or reconstructing a joint

Question 30

What is the function of the lower limb and what 3 segments make it up?

Answer 30

• Carries the weight of the body
– Thigh: femur
– Leg: tibia and fibula
– Foot: 7 tarsal bones in the ankle, 5 metatarsal bones in the metatarsus, and 14 phalanges in the toes

Question 31

4 keys to the femur are

Answer 31

• Largest and strongest bone in the body
• Articulates proximally with the acetabulum of the hip and distally with the tibia and patella
• Gluteal tuberosity and linea aspera - attachment sites for the large hip muscles
• Medial and lateral epicondyles - muscle site attachments for the knee muscles

Question 32

What is the valgus angle?

Answer 32

• The human femur (upper leg bone) forms an angles of less than 90° with the knee

Question 33

3 keys to the patella are

Answer 33

• Superior surface is the base
• Inferior, narrower surface is the apex
• Increases the leverage of the quadriceps femoris muscle

Question 34

3 Keys to the tibia are

Answer 34

• The larger medial weight-bearing bone of the leg
• Tibial tuberosity - attachment site for the patellar ligament
• Medial malleolus - medial surface of distal end (medial surface of ankle joint)

Question 35

3 Key to the fibula are

Answer 35

• The smaller, Non-weight bearing bone of the leg
The head forms the proximal tibiofibular joint
• Lateral malleolus - distal end, articulates with the tibia and the talus at the ankle

Question 36

3 keys to the knee joint

Answer 36

• Largest, most complex joint of body
• Femoropatellar joint - Plane joint - Allows gliding motion during knee flexion
Lateral and medial tibiofemoral joints - Allow flexion, extension

Question 37

2 Keys of tarsals are

Answer 37

Talus (articulates with tibia and fibula)

Talus transfers most of the weight from the tibia to the calcaneus

Question 38

2 Keys of the metatarsals are

Answer 38

Five metatarsal bones (#1 to #5)

Enlarged head of metatarsal 1 forms the “ball of the foot”

Question 39

2 Keys to phalanges

Answer 39

The 14 bones of the toes
Each digit (except the hallux (2)) has three phalanges