week 3 control of movement and CNS

Question 1

function of the nervous system

Answer 1

coordinate systems internally and externally and control environment

Question 2

what are the 3 divisions of the nervous system

Answer 2

somatic, special, visceral

Question 3

what is the sensory division of the ns

Answer 3

afferent fibres sending impulses from receptors to the cns

Question 4

what is the motor divison

Answer 4

efferent fibres transmitting impulses from sna to effectors

Question 5

what is the peripheral ns

Answer 5

outside the cns

Question 6

what does motor output do

Answer 6

initiates and transmits information to effectors from cns

Question 7

the sensory nervous system is output or input

Answer 7

input

Question 8

what is somatic sensory

Answer 8

input from ears, eyes ,skin

Question 9

what is efferent

Answer 9

going away - to the organs

Question 10

what does the sensory nervous system do

Answer 10

detect stimulus inputs from receptors

Question 11

what is somatic sensory

Answer 11

eyes , ears, skin

Question 12

what is visceral sensory

Answer 12

sensory input for the organs- nonconscious

Question 13

what is motor division

Answer 13

efferent fibres impulses from cna to effectors

Question 14

what is motor output

Answer 14

initiating and transmitting information from effectors to cns

Question 15

what is somatic motor

Answer 15

voluntary and controlled - effectors skeletal muscle

Question 16

what is autonomic motor control ouput

Answer 16

cardiac involuntary information - cardiac and bp - smooth muscle

Question 17

what is an axon

Answer 17

carries electrical messages

Question 18

what is the myelin sheath

Answer 18

layer of swann cells which help propagation of nerve conduction

Question 19

what is the nodes called in meylin sheath

Answer 19

raniver

Question 20

what is a synapse

Answer 20

a contact point between the axon and dendrite - send neurotransmitters from one nerve to another

Question 21

what is a dendrite

Answer 21

the structures in which attach to the axons for transmission

Question 22

what is resting membrane potential

Answer 22

the negative resting charge and different between inside and outside the cell

Question 23

what is polarised

Answer 23

negative

Question 24

what is depolarized

Answer 24

positive

Question 25

what is hyperpolarized

Answer 25

extra positive

Question 26

what is the resting negative charges for resting membrane potential in cell

Answer 26

-5 to 100mv

Question 27

what's the resting membrane potential for neurons

Answer 27

-45 to -75

Question 28

why is the resting potentail always negative

Answer 28

sodium is higher outside and potassium is higher outside

Question 29

what is resting membrane determined by

Answer 29

permeability and difference in NA and K

Question 30

what is the permeability regulated by

Answer 30

proteins - allowing channels to open and or close

Question 31

what happens when the channels open for sodium and potassium

Answer 31

the gradients will go from low to high concentration- changing resting membrane potential

Question 32

at rest what channels are open

Answer 32

potassium

Question 33

which channels are closed at resting membrane potential

Answer 33

sodium

Question 34

what is constantly leaving the cell causing a negative charge

Answer 34

K

Question 35

atp is used to minitor that what moving in and out the cell

Answer 35

Potassium

Question 36

how many pottasium moving in

Answer 36

2

Question 37

how many sodium moving in membrane potential

Answer 37

3

Question 38

when does action potential occur

Answer 38

when a strong enough stimulus depolarized the cell

Question 39

what does ap do for membrane potential

Answer 39

opens channels of sodium changing the cell to positive and depolarizing the cell

Question 40

what is repolarizing

Answer 40

the cell returns to the original resting membrane potential - negative with more sodium on the outside and potassium inside and sodium channels close

Question 41

the gates open means what is formed

Answer 41

action potential and then it can be stimulated again

Question 42

what is the all or none law with axons

Answer 42

the conduction of nerve cannot go back when left

Question 43

what is synaptic transmission

Answer 43

chemical messenger released from presynaptic membrane, causing depolarization

Question 44

neurotransmitter scan be what 2 types

Answer 44

inhibitory and or exhibitory

Question 45

what can excitatory postsynaptic potential promote

Answer 45

depolarization in 2 ways

Question 46

what are the 2 types of depolarisation promotion

Answer 46

temporal summation and spatial summation

Question 47

what is temporal summation

Answer 47

rapid repetitive excitation from a single excitatory presynaptic neuron

Question 48

what is spatial summation

Answer 48

summing from EPSP FROM several different presynaptic neurons

Question 49

what does inhibitory signals cause

Answer 49

hyperpolarization

Question 50

Neurons with more negative membrane potential tend to resist what more

Answer 50

depolarization

Question 51

what is joint proprioception for

Answer 51

helping understand where the body is and how t move it as well as receive information

Question 52

what are free nerve endings for

Answer 52

touch pressure sensory

Question 53

what are golgi tendons for

Answer 53

in joint ligaments - monitors force development

Question 54

mechanical input examples

Answer 54

pressure or length of muscle

Question 55

examples of information proprioception picks up

Answer 55

joint angle, length, tension

Question 56

what do muscle spindles do

Answer 56

respond to changes in the muscle length preventing overstretching

Question 57

what do muscle spindles consist of

Answer 57

extrafusal muscles

Question 58

what are gamma motor neurons

Answer 58

stimulate the intrafusal fibres to contact the extrafusal fibers using an alpha motor neuron

Question 59

what is the stretch reflex

Answer 59

causes reflex reaction to prevent overstretching

Question 60

how does the stretch reflex occur

Answer 60

Spindles stimulate the spinal cord where sensory and motor neurons initiation contraction stopping overstretching

Question 61

what do spindles help maintain

Answer 61

regulation of movement and posture

Question 62

golgi tendons prevent

Answer 62

too much force

Question 63

stimulation og GTO results in what

Answer 63

reflex relax of muscle

Question 64

what signals help work with GTO

Answer 64

inhibitory and alpha motor neurons

Question 65

gto can vary depending on what

Answer 65

strength

Question 66

how does GTo action occur

Answer 66

sensory neurons and AP sent to spinal cord and all 3 types of neurons with alph moto cause muscle relaxation

Question 67

inhibition of alpha motor neurons = what

Answer 67

relaxed tendons

Question 68

msucle contraction is a response to what

Answer 68

ap in the spinal cord

Question 69

what are muscle chemoreceptors sensitive to

Answer 69

changes in chemicals - H+ ions and CO2 + K

Question 70

What do chemoreceptors do

Answer 70

inform CNS about metabolic muscular activity

Question 71

a motor unit is with what

Answer 71

the muscle fibres it innervates

Question 72

motor neurons are found where

Answer 72

in the spinal cord

Question 73

what is a low ratio of innervation ratio and why is it small

Answer 73

finer movements - 23/1

Question 74

what is an example of big innervation ratio and why

Answer 74

gross movements - 1000/1

Question 75

what muscle fiber is recruited first

Answer 75

1

Question 76

cerebrum and cerebral cortex is used for what

Answer 76

movement organization and storage of experience and recepting sensory information

Question 77

what does the brainstem do

Answer 77

CV function, locomotion and muscle tone, posture and information receiving from sense

Question 78

cerebellum is control of movement and

Answer 78

integration of sensory information

Question 79

brain stem sections 3 are

Answer 79

pons, medulla ob. mid brain

Question 80

what does midbrain do

Answer 80

connects pons and cerebral hemisphere and controlls response, movement and hearing

Question 81

what does the medulla ob. do

Answer 81

autonomic function and relays signals from brain to spinal cord and helps movement

Question 82

what does pons do

Answer 82

involved in sleep and autonomic function - also relays cerebellum and cerebrum

Question 83

what is the dorsal root neurons

Answer 83

sensory

Question 84

what is the ventral root neurons

Answer 84

innervate the spinal cord / motor

Question 85

what is spinal tuning

Answer 85

the intrinsic neural network which helps refine movement after receiving stimulus

Question 86

where does the withdrawal reflex occur

Answer 86

reflex arc - contraction of muscle through spinal cord

Question 87

how does the withdrawl reflex occur

Answer 87

the sensory neurons from pain conduct ap to spinal cord excitatory interneurons and alpha neurons innervate flexor muscle