Week 3 - Respiratory system

Question 1

Main goal of respiratory system

Answer 1

Gas exchange overview

Question 2

Basic Anatomy

Answer 2

URS
LRS
Air enters through nose/mouth
warmed and moistened so not to damage LRS
Trachea branches into L and R main bronchi then becomes a tree
smooth muscle lining bronchioles regulates airflow

Question 3

Alveoli

Answer 3

Where gas exchange occurs
Type I
Type II
Alveolar macrophages

Question 4

Type I alveolar cells

Answer 4

97% of alveolar SA
25 nm thick permeable
Allows for transport or exchange

Question 5

Type II alveolar cells

Answer 5

Secretes pulmonary surfactant
Create surfactant which is a lubricant for coral sack of lungs

Question 6

Alveolar macrophages

Answer 6

Immune cell
Removes debris and pathogens

Question 7

Immune cell

Answer 7

Phagocyte

Question 8

Gross anatomy of the lungs

Answer 8

Left lung - 2 lobes
Right lung - 3 lobes
If one segment becomes affected with disease, it can be treated independently
Each lung sits in pleural membrane

Question 9

Why does left lung have 2 lobes

Answer 9

Cardiac notch for heart

Question 10

Inspiration and expiration

Answer 10

Boyle’s Law
Pulmonary ventilation (PV)
Inspiration

Question 11

Boyle’s law

Answer 11

The higher the volume, the less the pressure
lower the volume, higher the pressure

Question 12

PV

Answer 12

Difference in pressures drive PV
Air flows from high to low
Pulmonary ventilation and gas diffusion is moving from high to low

Question 13

Inspiration

Answer 13

Decreasing pressure in lung
Creating gas differentiation from atmospheric pressure from around

Question 14

Lower Respiratory System, Gas exchange & ventilation perfusion relationships

Answer 14

Respiratory volumes and capacities
Dead space
Spirogram: Normal vs. COPD
Blood flow to lungs

Question 15

Respiratory volume: various volumes of air in, entering or leaving the lungs

Answer 15

Tidal volume
Expiratory reserve volume
Inspiratory reserve volume
Residual volume
Total lung capacity
Vital capacity
Inspiratory capacity
Functional residual capacity

Question 16

Tidal Volume

Answer 16

TV
Normal quiet breathing
When sitting in class or reading

Question 17

Expiratory reserve volume

Answer 17

ERV
Amount you can push out past a normal tidal volume expiration

Question 18

Inspiratory reserve volume

Answer 18

IRV
deep inhalation - everything above normal breath

Question 19

Residual volume

Answer 19

Amount of air left after you push out as much air as you can
If all air left, lungs would collapse

Question 20

Total lung capacity

Answer 20

Sum of all lung volume

Question 21

Vital capacity

Answer 21

VC
Amount one can move in or out of lungs, except RV

Question 22

Inspiratory capacity

Answer 22

amount of air inhaled past normal tidal volume

Question 23

Functional residual capacity

Answer 23

FRC
Amount f air that remains after normal tidal expiration

Question 24

Dead space

Answer 24

Anatomical dead space
Alveolar dead space
total dead space

Question 25

Anatomical dead space

Answer 25

Air left in airway that doesn't reach alveoli - not enough pressure to change Never interacts in gas exchange

Question 26

Alveolar dead space

Answer 26

Air found in alveoli that are dysfunctional Gas not used in exchange

Question 27

Total Dead space

Answer 27

Anatomical dead space & alveolar dead space All air that does not interact in gas exchange

Question 28

Spirogram: Normal vs. COPD

Answer 28

Showing use of forced expired airflow to diagnose airway obstruction

Question 29

Blood flow to lungs

Answer 29

Pressure in pulmonary circulation are relatively low When person is standing, blood flow is greatest at bottom of lung due to gravity

Question 30

Respiratory Rate

Answer 30

Total number of breaths/minute Controlled by medulla responds mainly to CO2 Involves both acquiring O2 and removing CO2 from blood

Question 31

Normal adult breathing rate

Answer 31

12-18 bpm

Question 32

RR controlled by brainstem

Answer 32

Medulla and pons

Question 33

Ventilation

Answer 33

Movement of air into and out of lungs

Question 34

Perfusion

Answer 34

Flow of blood in capillaries

Question 35

Relationship between ventilation and perfusion

Answer 35

Allowing gas exchange to happen

Question 36

Partial pressure

Answer 36

measured in pressure

Question 37

In atmospheres, many different gases

Answer 37

Oxygen nitrogen CO2

Question 38

External respiration

Answer 38

In lungs when we inhale air, we go from high to low pressure

Question 39

ppCO2 in tissue

Answer 39

way higher than that of blood this allows for easy diffusion

Question 40

Hemoglobin does what for transport in blood

Answer 40

binds oxygen

Question 41

4 oxygen binding sites per Hb

Answer 41

if all 4 are bound, this means full saturation

Question 42

Full blood oxygen saturation is

Answer 42

95-99%

Question 43

Oxygen Dissociation from Hb

Answer 43

Gases travel from high to low pressure the higher the pp of O2, the more will be bound by Hb Lower the pp of O2, the less will be bound

Question 44

Temperature affecting oxygen dissociation

Answer 44

High temperature allows for O2 to dissociate faster

Question 45

pH affecting oxygen dissociation

Answer 45

more acidic pH causes more O2 dissociation

Question 46

3 major mechanisms for transporting CO2 in blood

Answer 46

Carbaminohemoglobin bicarbonate blood plasma

Question 47

Carbaminohemoglobin

Answer 47

20% of transport CO2 binds to amino acids in Hb

Question 48

Bicarbonate

Answer 48

70% of transport Enzyme

Question 49

Enzyme

Answer 49

Carbonic anhydrase

Question 50

Blood plasma

Answer 50

CO2 dissolves in plasma 7-10% of CO2 transport