Week 4 - Lymphatic system

Question 1

Fluid regulation

Answer 1

Drains fluids from interstitium and returns to bloodstream
20L/day moves into interstitium
Only 17 L reabsorbed by capillaries

Question 2

Interstitium

Answer 2

Connective tissue providing structural support to all the other anatomic components of the lung

Question 3

How fluid regulation works

Answer 3

Tiny lymphatic capillaries soak up excess fluid
one-way valves and muscle pumps help to squeeze “lymph” back to venous system

Question 4

Immune system

Answer 4

First line of defense
second line of defense
third line of defense

Question 5

First line of defense

Answer 5

Chemical barriers - stomach acid, mucus membranes
Mechanical barriers - skin, hair
reflexes - coughing

Question 6

Second line of defense

Answer 6

protective proteins
natural killer cells
- neutrophils, monocytes
inflammation and fever - macrophages

Question 7

Third line of defense

Answer 7

T cells
B cells
Antibodies

Question 8

Neutrophils

Answer 8

Type of WBC
Helps fight infection

Question 9

Monocytes

Answer 9

type of WBC
Finds and destroys germs and eliminates infected cells

Question 10

T cells

Answer 10

lymphocytes
Fights germs - cell to cell
protects from disease
become activated by specific pathogens

Question 11

B Cells

Answer 11

B lymphocytes
creates antibodies
lifelong production
mature in bone marrow
Fights pathogens indirectly

Question 12

Neutrophils, monocytes and macrophages work as…

Answer 12

antigen-presenting cells

Question 13

Natural killer cells

Answer 13

NK
destroy virally infected/cancer cells
help to kill foreign cells by releasing toxins
Second line of defense

Question 14

Interferon and compliment proteins

Answer 14

Interferon system
Compliment system

Question 15

Interferon system

Answer 15

protein secreted by virus-infected body cells
cover surrounding cells to prevent virus from entering
boost immune system by activating macrophages and NK cells

Question 16

Compliment system

Answer 16

Series of events causing body proteins to attach to pathogen causing lysis

Question 17

lysis

Answer 17

disintegration of a cell by rupture of cell wall or membrane

Question 18

4 types of T cells

Answer 18

Killer
helper
suppressor
memory

Question 19

2 types of B cells

Answer 19

plasma
memory

Question 20

major processes hormones control

Answer 20

Reproduction
growth and development
maintains electrolyte, water, and nutrient balance of blood
regulates cellular metabolism and energy balance
mobilization of body defenses

Question 21

Chemistry of hormones

Answer 21

Amino acid based
Lipid based

Question 22

Hormones are classified chemically as…

Answer 22

Amino acids

Question 23

Amino acids

Answer 23

Non-steroid
2nd messenger system

Question 24

Lipid based

Answer 24

made from cholesterol
Direct gene activation

Question 25

Control of hormone release

Answer 25

Stimulus or low hormone levels in the blood triggers the release of more hormones Hormone release stops once an appropriate level in the blood is reached

Question 26

How are hormone levels maintained by

Answer 26

Negative feedback

Question 27

Major endocrine glands of the body

Answer 27

Autonomic Centers Adrenal Glands Diabetes Mellitus The kidney

Question 28

Major endocrine organs

Answer 28

Hypothalamus Pituitary gland Thyroid gland parathyroid glands Adrenal gland Thymus gland Pancreas testes ovaries

Question 29

Pancreas and its functions

Answer 29

Located close to stomach in upper abdominal cavity Endocrine gland exocrine gland

Question 30

endocrine gland

Answer 30

produces the insulin and glucagon

Question 31

exocrine gland

Answer 31

digestion of food

Question 32

Autonomic Centers

Answer 32

Exert direct neural control over endocrine cells in adrenal medulla

Question 33

adrenal medulla release...

Answer 33

Epinephrin (EPI) norepinephrine (NE or Norepi)

Question 34

Adrenal glands and their two regions

Answer 34

sit on top of kidneys Adrenal cortex adrenal medulla

Question 35

Adrenal cortex

Answer 35

mineralocorticoids Glucocorticoids Sex hormones

Question 36

Diabetes Mellitus

Answer 36

Type 1 Type 2

Question 37

Type 1 diabetes mellitus

Answer 37

inability of pancreas to produce insulin

Question 38

Type 2 diabetes mellitus

Answer 38

Resistance of cells to insulin Exercise... may reverse!

Question 39

The kidney

Answer 39

Blood enters kidney through renal artery Nephrons kidney gets rid of wastes and keeps what it wants

Question 40

Nephrons

Answer 40

units that filter blood to form urinew

Question 41

what does the kidney keep and gets rid of

Answer 41

gets rid of waste products keeps water, electrolytes and glucose

Question 42

Hyper-hydrated

Answer 42

Atrial natriuretic peptide decreases reabsorption at kidney

Question 43

Dehydrated?

Answer 43

antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and Aldosterone increases reabsorption at kidney

Question 44

Factors influencing HR

Answer 44

Sympathetic NS Parasympathetic NS (Vagus nerve)

Question 45

Hormonal factors influencing functions of heart

Answer 45

Epinephrine, norepinephrine, thyroid hormones

Question 46

Catecholamine effect of the heart - Epinephrine and norepinephrine

Answer 46

Bind on cardiomyocytes increases rate of depolarization