Week 4 Flashcards
1
Q
!Artiodactyla
A
Even-toed ungulates
2
Q
!Artiodactyla 3 sub-orders
A
Suiformes
Tylopoda
Ruminatia
3
Q
!Suiformes family
A
Suidae - pigs
Tayassuidae - peccaries
Hippopotamidae - hippos
4
Q
!Tylopoda family
A
Camelidae - camels and liamas
5
Q
!Ruminatia family
A
Tragulidae - chevrotains Moschidae - musk deer Cervidae - deer Giraffidae - giraffe and okapi Antilocapridae - pronghorn Bovidae - cattle, antelope, sheep etc
6
Q
!Artiodactyla (even-toed ungulates) general characteristics:
- Digits
- Hooves
- Molars
A
- digits are reduced
- Hooves present
- Molarised pre-molars due to herbivorous diet.
7
Q
!Artiodactyla feet:
- Suiformes
- Ruminatia
- Tylapoda
A
*suiformes:
Each metacarpal bone is distinct from eachother.
*Ruminatia:
Metacarpals are fused for the entire length.
Tylopoda:
Metacarpals are fused up until the distal end.
8
Q
!Suines Vs Ruminants (and Tylopoda):
- Diet
- Dentition
- Limbs
A
Suines
- Diet: Omnivores (they eat plant material but also fruit and carrion.
- Dentition: low-crowned check teeth with simple cusps. Have large tusk like canines.
- Short limbs with 4 toes
Ruminants:
- Diet: specialised herbivores. Have specialised stomachs and chew cud to deal with high fibre food. Ridged teeth and high-crowned hypsodont.
- Elongated limbs and reduced number of functional toes (Usually 2 instead of 4 toes).
9
Q
!Cud
A
portion of food that returns from a ruminant’s stomach to the mouth.
10
Q
!Artiodactyla lifestyle
A
Adapted for:
Cursorial lifestyle. However some are amphibious such as hippos.
Nocturnal, crepuscular, and diurnal
11
Q
!Artiodactyla distribution
A
Very diverse!
All continents apart from Australasia, and Antarctica.
12
Q
!Suidae (in sub-order suiformes) distribution
A
Europe, Africa, and Asia
13
Q
Swine skull morphology
A
pre-nasal bone - helps to dig up soil (rooting behaviour).
14
Q
!Tayassuidae (in sub-order suiformes) distribution
A
America
15
Q
!Tayassuidae (in sub-order suiformes) skull morphology
A
- smaller than pigs
- Robust zygomatic arch
- Canines occlude (meet when jaw is shut) which stabilise the jaw when cracking hard nuts
16
Q
!Hippopotamidae (in sub-order suiformes) distribution
A
Africa
17
Q
Hippopotamidae (in sub-order suiformes) skull morphology
A
Lower canines are tusk-like and larger than upper canines. Used for sexual combat and defence.
18
Q
!Hippopotamidae (in sub-order suiformes) human interaction
A
- Habitat distruction biggest threat to pygmy hippo
- Hunting is biggest threat to common hippo
- Both do well in captivity
19
Q
!Hippopotamidae, common Vs pygmy hippos
A
*Common hypo:
Day spent in water/ more aquatic.
As a result the eyes and ears are more on the top of the head.
*Pygmy hippo:
Less aquatic
As a result the eyes and ears are more on the side of head.
20
Q
!Camelidae (in sub-order Tylopoda) distribution
A
Africa and South America
21
Q
!Camelidae (in order tylopoda) skull morphology
A
- large skulls
* Isolated upper incisors (gap/diestema between canines and premolars).
22
Q
Camels adaptations to:
- Sand
- Lack of water
- Hot and cold temps
A
- body weight rests on sole pads in the hoof. Helps to distribute the weight when walking on sand.
- Concentrating urine conserves water
- Elliptical red blood cells - protect is from dehydration (because the blood can circulate more easily and expand quicker when hydrated).
- Fat storage in humps helps to conserve water. Also the fat storage allows the camels body temperature to rise be 6° without the need of sweating. Conserves water and helps survive hot climates.
23
Q
!Camelidae (in sub-order Tylopoda) Human interaction
A
- Llama and alpaca are domesticated
- Llamas and camels used for carrying loads
- Alpacas used for wool
- All species used for meat
24
Q
!Tragulidae (in sub-order ruminatia) distribution
A
Around the equator - Africa and southeast Asia.
25
!Tragulidae (in sub-order ruminatia) skull morphology
* lack upper incisors
* Incisor-like lower canines
* Only 3 pre-molars
* No horns or antlers but instead...
* Males have continuously growing upper canines which are used for sexual competition
* Selenodont molars with Cresent shaped ridges which are adapted for cutting and slicing vegetation.
26
!Tragulidae (in sub-order ruminatia) other characteristics:
* Size
* Stomachs
* small size
* Males smaller than females
* Short, thin legs which limit agility
* Primitive ruminants - so although they have 4 chambered stomachs, the 3rd stomach is poorly developed.
27
!Moschidae, musk deer (in sub-order ruminatia) distribution
Cold climates/mountains
| Eastern Asia
28
!Moschidae, musk deer (in sub-order ruminatia) skull morphology
* very prominent canines (and so lack antlers)
| * Teeth move in sockets to avoid breaking during feeding and combat
29
musk deer
| *Movement
*Movement
| Enlarged hooves act as snow shoes. They are very agile and can climb trees
30
!Moschidae, musk deer (in sub-order ruminatia) human interaction
* Hunted and farmed for the secretion of the male musk gland which is used in perfumes.
* Habitat loss
31
!Cervids deer, true deer (in the sun-order ruminatia) distribution
Very widespread
32
!Cervids deer, true deer (in the sun-order ruminatia) skull morphology
* brachydont cheek teeth for a browsing diet
* Antlers from frontal bone that grow and she'd annually. Reduction in sex hormones cause the shedding.
* Except water deer males have long canines and no antlers
* No upper incisors
33
true deer identification from tear duct
True deers have two small tear duct holes (double lacramal)
34
!Cervids deer, true deer (in the sun-order ruminatia) human interaction
Deer hunted for both sport and meat. Also farmed for meat.
| Red deer overpopulation in Scotland
35
!Giraffidae, giraffes & okapi (in sub-order ruminatia) distribution
Africa
36
Giraffidae, giraffes & okapi skull morphology
*Ossicones = skin covered horns
37
Giraffidae, giraffes & okapi lifestyle/diet
Both species are browser (use the long tongue)
38
!Giraffidae, giraffes & okapi (in sub-order ruminatia) human interaction:
Hunting and habitat loss threaten both species
39
!Antilocapridae, pronghorn (in sub-order ruminatia) distribution
Canada and Mexico
40
!Antilocapridae, pronghorn (in sub-order ruminatia) skull morphology
* continuously growing cheek teeth due to abrasive particles in diet.
* Selenodont cheek teeth
* Unique horns: they are unbranched
41
!Antilocapridae, pronghorn (in sub-order ruminatia) human interaction
Hunting and habitat loss are the main threats
42
!Bovidae, antelope, cattle, sheep, etc (in sub-order ruminatia) distribution
Most diverse family and widespread
43
!Bovidae, antelope, cattle, sheep, etc (in sub-order ruminatia) skull morphology
* large
* High crowned cheek teeth
* Absent upper canines
44
!Bovidae, antelope, cattle, sheep, etc (in sub-order ruminatia) other characteristics
*Horns
* horns occur in all males and in some females
* Horns are never shed or branched
* Horns are used for sexual combat and defence
45
!Bovidae, antelope, cattle, sheep, etc (in sub-order ruminatia) human interaction
*hunted for meat, hide, wool, and sport.
46
!Order Paenungulata
Sub-ungulates
47
!Sub-ungulates Vs ungulates
```
Ungulates = Laurasiatheria (placental mammals clade)
Sub-ungulates = Afrotheria (clade of mammals that have an African origin).
```
48
!Sub- ungulate 3 sub-orders
* sirenia - manatees and dugong
* Hyracoidea - hyraxes
* Probiscidae - elephants
49
!sub-ungulate Dentition
* no canines
| * Specialised incisors, molars, and premolars depending on sub-order
50
!Sub-order Sirenia (manatees and Dugong) 2 families
Trichechidae - Manatees
| Dugongidae - Dugong
51
!Sub-order Sirenia
Manatees and Dugong
52
!Sub-order Sirenia (manatees and Dugong) distribution
Tropical waters above 20°, so around the equator
53
Sub-order Sirenia (manatees and Dugong) characteristics:
* Mouth/snout
* Nostrils
* Diet
*Mouth/snout:
Snout covered in bristles for finding food.
*Nostrils:
Are on top of the snout so it can be submerged in water except the nostrils to breath.
*Diet:
Herbivorous diet and so has extremely long intestines and used hind-gut fermentation.
The tropical waters allow them to have a lower metabolic rate which they need due to low energy food.
54
!Sub-order Sirenia (manatees and Dugong) skull morphology
Large skull
| Heavy lower jaws
55
!Sub-order Sirenia (manatees and Dugong) body skeleton:
* Forelimbs
* Hindlimbs
* Other
```
*forelimbs:
Are well developed for support
*Hindlimbs:
Lack bones (the tail)
*Other:
Dense bone with no air spaces
```
56
manatees skin
*Manatees have vibrissae over the entire body which is used for sensory input in hard to see waters
57
!Sub-order Sirenia (manatees and Dugong) West Africa manatee and Indian manatee Vs Amazon manatee & Dugon
West African & Indian manatees have nails on flippers.
| Amazon manatees and Dugons don't
58
!Sub-order Sirenia (manatees and Dugong) manatee Vs dugong
* Tail
* Habitat
* Skull morphology
```
Manatee:
*Rounded paddle shape tail
*Marine & fresh water
*Nasals present. Premaxilla is small
Dugong:
*Crescent/"whale-shaped" tail
*Marine only
*Absent nasals. Large and ventrally deflected pre-maxillae
```
59
!Family Trichechidae
Manatees
60
!Trichechidae- manatees (in sub-order Sirenia) dentition
* incisors present as milk teeth
* adults lack incisors and canines
* Indefinite number of cheek teeth
* Brachydont and lophodont check teeth (very ridged).
61
!Trichechidae- manatees (in sub-order Sirenia) diet
* Aquatic plants and grasses
* The abrasive silica wears down molars and that's why they have to be continually replaced.
* The cellulose is broken down by hind-gut fermentation.
62
!Trichechidae- manatees (in sub-order Sirenia) human interaction
* Hunted for meat and blubber
* Accidental kills from boat motors
* Used for clearing waters filled with certain vegetation that they eat.
63
!Digging
Dugong
64
!Dugongidae- dugong (in sub-order Sirenia) distribution
East Africa to Vanuatu
65
dugong (in sub-order Sirenia) Dentition
*mobile snout
66
!Dugongidae- dugong (in sub-order Sirenia) diet
*feed on sea grass which lack silica (so doesn't wear down cheek teeth unlike manatees diet).
67
!Dugongidae- dugong (in sub-order Sirenia) human interaction
* can get caught in fish traps
* Hunted for meat and blubber
* Injured by motor boats
68
!Hyracoidea
Hyraxes
69
!Hyracoidea family (in sub-order paenungulata)
Procavia
70
!Hyracoidea - hyraxes (in sub-order paenungulata) distribution
Africa
71
!Hyracoidea - hyraxes (in sub-order paenungulata) characteristics:
* Body
* Feet
* Hairs
*body:
Small size
Short stumpy tail
*Feet:
To aid climbing:
Rubbery pads. Sweat glands keep feet sticky. Retractable soles to create some suction.
*Long hairs on body to aid in moving through dark rocky areas.
72
hyraxes dentition
*Incisors are continuously growing. They are self sharpening and chisel-like.
73
hyraxes diet
*Efficient kidneys and so can survive on minimal water - excretion of high concentration urea.
74
!Hyracoidea - hyraxes (in sub-order paenungulata) feet
* Mesaxonic feet
* Hind feet have hoof like nails like elephants
* Hind feet have 3 toes
* Forefeet have 5 toes
75
hyraxes metabolism
*inactive and have a low metabolism - due to diet.
76
!Hyracoidea - hyraxes (in sub-order paenungulata) human interaction
Hunted for fur
Threatened by deforestation
Crystallised urine collected for medication
77
!Probiscidae (in sub-order ungulates)
Elephants
78
!Probiscidae (in order paenungulata) family
Elephantidae - elephants
79
!Probiscidae/elephantidae distribution
Africa and Asia
80
!Probiscidae/elephantidae difference between African and Asian elephants
* Size
* Back
* Ears
* Trunk
* Tusks
* Toes
```
*African
Larger
Concave back
Large ears
Trunk with 2 lips
Both sexes have tusks forefoot has 4 toes and hindfoot has 3 toes.
```
```
*Asian
Smaller
Convex back
Smaller ears
Trunk with 1 lip
Males have the tusks
Forefoot 5 toes, hindfoot 4 toes
```
81
!Probiscidae/elephantidae tusks
Elongated upper incisors
82
!Probiscidae/elephantidae diet
Browser for vegetation and fruit.
| Has inefficient non-ruminant digestion (only 50% digested)
83
!Probiscidae/elephantidae Skull morphology
Huge skulls to support large teeth and trunk
Many air pockets reduce the weight
External nares - where the trunk joins the skull
Molars replaced, until they starve to death after last set
84
!(Probiscidae/elephantidae) African Vs Asian dentition
```
*African:
Browsing
Loxodonta molars (sloping teeth)
*Asian:
Grass (tougher material)
Lophodont molars (parallel ridges)
```
85
!Probiscidae/elephantidae brains
Large brains
| Large temporal lobe which increases memory for identity of individuals, danger, feeding and watering sites.
86
Probiscidae/elephantidae ears
Good hearing
| Thermoregulation (increasing blood flow and flapping to cool down).
87
Probiscidae/elephantidae feet
Walks on toes with a fatty matrix that spreads the weight and reduces pressure
88
!Probiscidae/elephantidae Trunks uses
* olfaction
* Vocalisation
* Snorkel
* Shower (picking up water or dust)
* Tool
* Tactile organ (touch and cares eachother)
89
!Probiscidae/elephantidae human interaction
Work animals
Hunted for ivory
Shot for sport and crop pests
Used in religions and art
90
!Perissodactyla
Odd-toed ungulates
91
!Artiodactyla Vs Perissodactyla digestion
*Artiodactyla:
Fore-stomach fermentation. Process food slowly but get more energy.
*Perissodactyla:
Hind-gut fermentation. They process food quickly but get less energy
92
!Hind-gut vs fore-gut fermentation
*fore-gut
Protein converted into ammonia which is transported to the liver and converted into urea. The urea then consumed by the microbes. Proteins then produced by microbes are what's consumed.
They need to drink less frequently.
Can specialise on plants.
*Hind-gut
Urea is not recycled like above and so have to drink more often.
All proteins have to be obtained directly from the diet.
Can maximise fruit in the diet.
93
!perissodactyla Vs Artiodactyla jaw musculature
```
*Perissodactyla:
Pronounced lower jaw
Large masseter muscle
Grinds fibrous food
Put more effort into the mechanical digestion because there guts are shit.
*Artiodactyla:
Less pronounced jaw
Smaller masseter muscle
Chews half-digested cud
```
94
!Perissodactyla 2 sub-orders
Hippomorpha
| Ceratomorpha
95
!Hippomorpha suborder 1 family
Equidae - horses
96
!Ceratomorpha sub-order, 2 families
Tapirida - tapirs
| Rhinocerotidae - rhinoceroces
97
!Equidae
Horses
98
!Tapirida
Tapirs
99
!Rhinocerotidae
Rhinoceroces
100
!Perissodactyla characteristics
* reduced digits
* Hooves
* Molarised pre-molars (to aid in mechanical digestion)
101
!Perissodactyl feet
* reduced number of toes
* Tapir and rhino stands on 2nd, 4rd, and 4th digits
* Horses stand on 3rd digit
102
!Perissodactyla diet
* Herbivores
* Equids = grazers
* Tapirs = browsers
103
!Perissodactyla distribution
```
South America, South Africa, and Asia
Wide habitat (desert - rainforest).
```
104
!Equidae - horses (in sub-order hippomorpha) distribution
Africa and Asia
105
!Equidae - horses (in sub-order hippomorpha) skull morphology
```
Large
Long rostrum
Prominent nasals
Small bullae
Orbit (eye sockets) posterior (behind) tooth row
```
106
!Equidae - horses (in sub-order hippomorpha) dentition
Hypsodont molars and premolars for grinding vegetation.
Canines located in the diastema
Jaw movement allows side-to-side grinding action
107
Equidae - horses (in sub-order hippomorpha) other characteristics
*Eyes
*Eyes
| Large on the side of the head for spotting predators in open plains
108
!Equidae - horses (in sub-order hippomorpha) human interaction
* hunted for meat and hide
| * Horses and donkeys domesticated for transport and working.
109
!Tapiridae - Tapirs (in sub-order ceratomorpha)distribution
South America, Malaysia and Thailand
| Tropical rainforest except mountain tapir
110
!Tapiridae - Tapirs (in sub-order ceratomorpha) Skull morphology
* large
* Reduced nasals
* Nasal none supports the top of trunk
* Brachyodont cheek teeth
111
Tapiridae - Tapirs (in sub-order ceratomorpha) other characteristics
Short, mobile, prehensile trunk
112
Tapiridae - Tapirs (in sub-order ceratomorpha) diet
leaves
113
!Tapiridae
Tapirs
114
!Tapiridae - Tapirs (in sub-order ceratomorpha) social structure
Solitary
The range of males may overlap many females
Territories marked with dung piles
115
!Tapiridae - Tapirs (in sub-order ceratomorpha) lifestyle
Terrestrial
Semi-aquatic (they go in water to escape predators and use there trunk as a snorkel)
Crepuscular
116
!Rhinocerotidae - rhinos (from sub-order Perissodactyla) distribution
Africa and Asia
| Grassland, Savannah and rainforests
117
!Rhinocerotidae - rhinos (from sub-order Perissodactyla) skull morphology
```
Large - to support a horn
Enlarged nasals
Upper canines absent
African canines lack incisors
Lophodont molars
```
118
!Rhinocerotidae - rhinos (from sub-order Perissodactyla) other characteristics:
* Senses
* Horns
* Canines
* Asian rhinos
* senses - good sense of smell and hearing but poor vision
* Horn - defence and sexual combat in African rhinos
* Canines - defence and sexual combat in Asian rhinos.
* Asian rhinos - have armoured plates
119
Black Vs white rhino
```
Black = have a narrow lip
White = have a wide lip
```
