WEEK 4

Question 1

Define the terms organ, organ system and organism.

Question 2

Name the eleven organ systems of the human body, identify the major organs, and give a major function of each system.

Question 3

Define and demonstrate the anatomical position.

Question 4

Locate the anterior (ventral) and posterior (dorsal) surfaces for the body, hands and feet.

Question 5

Define the directional terms used in human anatomy.

Question 6

Define sagittal, frontal, and transverse planes, and distinguish between midsagittal (median) and parasagittal planes.

Question 7

Specify and describe the limits of the body cavities.

Question 8

Describe how the abdominopelvic region is divided into either nine regions or four quadrants.

Question 9

Create a table specifying the eleven organ systems of the human body, the major organs found in each organ system, and at least one major function of each organ system.

Question 10

Sketch a human body in standard anatomical position.

Question 11

Use complete sentences to clearly describe the location of each of the following components of the human body when in standard anatomical position:
◦ Feet
◦ Upper limbs
◦ Trunk
◦ Head

Question 12

Clearly define each of the following terms:
◦ Anterior
◦ Posterior
◦ Ventral
◦ Dorsal

Question 13

Explain why ‘anterior’ and ‘ventral’ can be used interchangeably to describe relative locations in the human body.

Question 14

Explain why ‘posterior’ and ‘dorsal’ can be used interchangeably to describe relative locations in the human body.

Question 15

Identify the direction (ventral or dorsal) in which the palms face when in standard anatomical position, and thus identify which side of the hand (palm or back) of the hand is the ventral side of the hand, and which is the dorsal side.

Question 16

Compare the anatomy of the foot to the anatomy of the hand to identify which side of the foot (sole or back) is the ventral side of the foot, and which is the dorsal side.

Question 17

Sketch each of the following, and on each diagram clearly indicate the anterior (ventral) and posterior (dorsal) surfaces:
◦ A human body
◦ A human hand
◦ A human foot

Question 18

Use complete sentences to describe how to identify the anterior (ventral) and posterior (dorsal) surfaces of each of the following:
◦ The human body
◦ The human hand
◦ The human foot

Question 19

Define each of the following terms and provide one complete sentence that correctly uses each
term to describe the relative position of two or three body structures (as appropriate).
◦ Superior
◦ Inferior
◦ Medial
◦ Lateral
◦ Intermediate
◦ Peripheral
◦ Central
◦ Proximal
◦ Distal
◦ Deep
◦ Superficial
◦ Anterior
◦ Posterior
◦ Cranial
◦ Caudal

Question 20

Distinguish between the terms prone and supine.

Question 21

Explain why a body structure is often cut into thin sections before viewing.

Question 22

Define each of the following:
◦ Sagittal plane
◦ Midsagittal (median) plane
◦ Parasagittal plane
◦ Frontal (coronal) plane
◦ Transverse plane

Question 23

Sketch a diagram of the human body showing the relative locations of all the following body
cavities:
◦ Dorsal body cavity
◦ Ventral body cavity
◦ Cranial cavity
◦ Vertebral cavity
◦ Thoracic cavity
◦ Abdominal cavity
◦ Pelvic cavity
◦ Abdominopelvic cavity

Question 24

For each of the following cavities, specify whether there is a physical body structure separating them or not. If there is a major body structure separating them, name that structure.
◦ Dorsal and ventral body cavities
◦ Cranial and vertebral cavities
◦ Thoracic and abdominal cavities
◦ Abdominal and pelvic cavities
◦ Abdominal and vertebral cavities

Question 25

For each of the following cavities, name all the organs found within that cavity:
◦ Cranial cavity
◦ Vertebral cavity
◦ Thoracic cavity
◦ Abdominal cavity
◦ Pelvic cavity

Question 26

For each of the following cavities, name any organ systems that are (mostly) contained within that cavity:
◦ Cranial cavity
◦ Vertebral cavity
◦ Thoracic cavity
◦ Abdominal cavity
◦ Pelvic cavity

Question 27

efine each of the following terms, using only a single short sentence for each:
◦ Parietal serosa
◦ Visceral serosa
◦ Serous fluid
◦ Parietal pericardium
◦ Visceral pericardium
◦ Parietal peritoneum
◦ Visceral peritoneum
◦ Parietal pleurae (NB: “pleurae” means “more than one pleura”; why are there multiple
pleurae?)
◦ Visceral pleurae

Question 28

Briefly describe the general function of serosa and the serous fluid in the human body.

Question 29

Specify the locations of each of the following nine abdominopelvic regions:
◦ Right hypochondriac
◦ Epigastric
◦ Left hypochondriac
◦ Right lumbar
◦ Umbilical
◦ Left lumbar
◦ Right iliac
◦ Hypogastric
◦ Left iliac

Question 30

Describe the location of each of the following abdominopelvic quadrants:
◦ Right upper quadrant
◦ Left upper quadrant
◦ Right lower quadrant
◦ Left lower quadrant

Question 31

Specify the location(s), within the nine abdominopelvic regions, of each of the following organs:
◦ Liver
◦ Gall bladder
◦ Spleen
◦ Stomach
◦ Small intestine
◦ Caecum
◦ Appendix
◦ Ascending colon
◦ Transverse colon
◦ Descending colon
◦ Urinary bladder

Question 32

Explain the importance of homeostasis to physiology and specify three conditions that are maintained by homeostatic processes.

Question 33

Describe the internal environment of the human body.

Question 34

Define the term stressor.

Question 35

Define a feedback loop. Explain what is meant by negative and positive feedback systems and describe their role in homeostasis.

Question 36

Write a definition of homeostasis.

Question 37

State the three conditions that are maintained by homeostasis and for each, describe at least one consequence to human physiology if that condition deviates from the normal range.

Question 38

Define internal environment.

Question 39

Draw an annotated diagram (a diagram with explanatory labels) showing extracellular fluid, intracellular fluid, plasma, interstitial fluid and lymph. Be sure to include a label that defines the internal environment.

Question 40

On your diagram, add annotations to describe how substances move between fluid compartments.

Question 41

Write a definition of a stressor.

Question 42

Describe two examples of internal stressors (originate within the body).

Question 43

Describe two examples of external stressors (originate from the external environment).

Question 44

Write definitions for set point and normal range as they pertain to homeostasis.

Question 45

Draw a flow chart to describe a generalized negative feedback loop including all of the following components: stimulus, receptor, control centre, effector, response. Annotate your flow chart with a description of the role of each of these components in the functioning of a feedback loop.

Question 46

Use appropriate terminology to clearly distinguish between positive feedback mechanisms and negative feedback mechanisms. (Important: do NOT use “shorthand” descriptions for this! Make sure you use appropriate and precise terminology, and complete sentences.)

Question 47

Use all the terms from question 2, above, along with the specific body structures representing each (where appropriate), to describe in detail:
◦ One physiological negative feedback mechanism used in the human body.
◦ One physiological positive feedback mechanism used in the human body.