WEEK 8 Flashcards
Specify the ways that the skeletal system functions in the human body.
-support
-protection of soft tissues
-assistance in movement and muscle attachment
-storage of calcium and phosphate
-blood cell production in red bone marrow
- fat storage in yellow bone marrow
The main common functions of all components of the human skeletal system are “protection” and “support”. Based on the material that follows in this Unit, select several examples of individual components (including both bone and cartilage examples) and describe how they serve each of these two functions.
Name, describe, and provide one example of each of the five different shapes of human bones.
Long bone: greater in length that width, cylinder shape
Short bone: equal in length and width, cube-shaped
Flat bone: flat; spongy bone sandwiched by compact bone
Irregular bone: No defined shape; varying amounts of spongy and compact bone
Sesamoid bone: small bones that develop in the tendons
Based on previously covered material and the information in this Unit, describe each of the different cell types found in cartilage and bone. For each cell type, identify:
◦ Where in the body, and from which type of cell, it arose.
◦ Where it normally resides in the body, as specifically as possible.
◦ What its main function is, and how (briefly) it serves that function.
◦ What happens to the cell if the matrix that surrounds it calcifies.
cartilage:
1. hyaline cartilage - covers the ends of bone, forms the embryonic skeleton, high amounts of collagen fibres, reduces friction at joints, found on articular surface of joints, ventral ends of ribs and nose, larynx, trachea.
- Fibrocartilage - cushioning in joints, contains more collagen fibers, strongest type of cartilage, found in pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs.
Elastic cartilage - support and flexibility, contains elastic fibers(and some collagen) for strength and elasticity, found in outer ear.
Bone:
- osteogenic cell: undifferentiated cells, can divide to replace themselves and become osteoblasts
- osteoblasts: form matrix and collagen fibers but cannot divide.
- osteocytes: mature cells that no longer secrete matrix
- osteoclasts: huge cells from fused monocytes that function in bone resorption
Based on previously covered material and the information in this Unit, compare and contrast the components of cartilage matrix and bone matrix, explaining the differences in the physical characteristics of cartilage and bone.
cartilage: cover ends of bones, support and flexibility in tubes, cushion joints, forms embryonic skeleton
bone: protect tissues, store calcium and phosphate, assist movement and muscle, blood cell and fat storage production
From what tissue type do bones and cartilage arise during early development? What other mature tissues arise from the same fetal tissue type?
Create a fully-labelled diagram of a typical long bone, showing the main external and internal features and identifying all the main tissue types found in a long bone.
Compare and contrast compact bone and spongy bone, in terms of the following characteristics:
▪ The tissue type and cell type found in each type of bone.
▪ The arrangement of tissue and/or cells in each type of bone.
▪ The location of each within a bone.
▪ The function of each type of bone.
Use annotated diagrams to compare and contrast the internal structure of an osteon with that of a trabecula.
Explain in detail the processes of:
◦ Intramembranous ossification
◦ Endochondral ossification
◦ Growth in length of a long bone
◦ Growth in width of a long bone
Compare and contrast the processes of intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification.
Compare and contrast the processes of endochondral ossification and lengthwise growth of a long bone.
Compare and contrast the processes of intramembranous ossification and widthwise growth of a long bone.
The height of an individual is largely determined by the rate of ossification prior to physical maturity. Briefly explain why this is so.
