WEEK 6

Question 1

list the five main categories of sense receptors in the body based on the types of stimuli they respond to.

Question 2

Specify the five categories of sense receptors found in the human body. For each category, state the stimuli they are capable of detecting and specify their location(s) in the human body.

Question 3

Describe the structure and function of cutaneous sensors and proprioceptors.

Question 4

Describe the location, structure and function of:
◦ Cutaneous sensors
◦ Proprioceptors

Question 5

Describe the structure and function of the olfactory system.

Question 6

Describe the location, structure and function of olfactory receptors.

Question 7

Describe the pathway by which information about chemicals detected by olfactory receptors is transmitted to the cerebrum.

Question 8

Describe the structure and function of the gustatory system.

Question 9

Describe the location, structure and function of gustatory receptors.

Question 10

What are the five primary tastes?

Question 11

Describe the pathway by which information about molecules detected by gustatory receptors is
transmitted to the cerebrum.

Question 12

Describe the structure and functions of the external, middle and inner ear.

Question 13

Draw a fully-labelled diagram showing the anatomy of the external, middle and inner ear. Add annotations to each label describing the function of each anatomical component.

Question 14

Name the three auditory ossicles. For each ossicle, use complete sentences to describe its location, structure (shape and tissue type) and function

Question 15

One opening from the middle ear leads to the mastoid antrum. List and describe (in words) the structure and function of the four other openings of the middle ear. Which one(s) have tissue covering them, and which do not; which can be opened, and which cannot? Why?

Question 16

Describe how a throat infection can lead to the infection of the middle ear.

Question 17

Use correct anatomical terms to specify in detail the route that could be taken by a pathogen (e.g. a bacterium) from the throat to the mastoid air cells.

Question 18

Draw a fully-labelled diagram showing the structure and relative locations of the following components. Add annotations to each label briefly describing the contents and function of each component.
◦ Bony labyrinth
◦ Membranous labyrinth
◦ Cochlea
◦ Semicircular canals
◦ Vestibule
◦ Utricle
◦ Saccule
◦ Semicircular ducts
◦ Cochlear duct
◦ Oval window
◦ Round window

Question 19

Draw a fully-labelled diagram of the cochlea in cross section, including the following components. Add annotations to each label briefly describing the function of each component.
◦ Cochlear duct
◦ Scala tympani
◦ Scala vestibuli
◦ Organ of Corti
◦ Tectorial membrane
◦ Basilar membrane
◦ Vestibular membrane
◦ Spiral ganglion
◦ Endolymph
◦ Perilymph
◦ Hair cells

Question 20

Draw a fully-labelled diagram of an unwound longitudinal section of the cochlea, including the following components. Add annotations to each label briefly describing the function of each component.
◦ Cochlear duct
◦ Scala tympani
◦ Scala vestibuli
◦ Organ of Corti
◦ Tectorial membrane
◦ Basilar membrane
◦ Vestibular membrane
◦ Helicotrema
◦ Endolymph
◦ Perilymph
◦ Oval window
◦ Round window

Question 21

Describe the physiology of hearing.

Question 22

Describe in detail (in words, although you may wish to create diagrams to help you) the pathway taken by each the following, travelling from the external environment to an appropriate location to stimulate receptor cells.
◦ A high-frequency audible sound
◦ A low-frequency audible sound
◦ A sound outside of the hearing range

Question 23

Describe in detail the mechanism by which a sound wave travelling through the cochlea stimulates hair cells, and the mechanism by which those receptors then stimulate a neuron of the cochlear branch of the vestibulocochlear nerve to fire an action potential.

Question 24

Describe the physiology of static and dynamic balance.

Question 25

Draw a fully-labelled diagram showing the location and anatomical features of each of the following structures. Add annotations to your diagram briefly describing the function of each component of the structures. ◦ A crista ampullaris ◦ A macula

Question 26

Compare and contrast the location, structure, and function of the receptor cells in the cristae ampullaris and those of the maculae.

Question 27

Compare and contrast the mechanisms by which the following pairs of cells are stimulated to release neurotransmitters: ◦ A hair cell in an Organ of Corti and a hair cell in a macula ◦ A hair cell in a macula and a hair cell in a crista ampullaris ◦ A hair cell in an Organ of Corti and a rod cell in a retina ◦ A hair cell in an Organ of Corti and a motor neuron ◦ A hair cell in a crista ampullaris and a motor neuron

Question 28

Describe in detail (in words, although you may wish to create diagrams to help you) the neural pathways taken by information arising in the cochlea and in the vestibular apparatus to reach the brain. (Which parts of these two pathways are similar, and which are different?)

Question 29

Draw one fully-labelled diagram showing the neural pathways taken by information from sensory receptors in the cochlea, vestibular apparatus, retina, olfactory epithelium, and taste bud. Clearly indicate on your diagram any structures in the brain that these pathways share.

Question 30

Compare and contrast the causes of, effects of conduction deafness and sensorineural deaf ness.

Question 31

Given what you now know about the physiology of the ear, state whether each of the following could cause tinnitus and/or deafness and/or balance impairments. In each case, explain your reasoning in detail. ◦ Buildup of ear wax ◦ Perforation of the tympanic membrane ◦ Degeneration of the cochlear branch of the vestibulocochlear nerve ◦ Degeneration of the vestibular branch of the vestibulocochlear nerve ◦ Degeneration of the vestibulocochlear nerve ◦ Degeneration of the primary auditory cortex ◦ Degeneration of the thalamus ◦ Degeneration of the cerebellum ◦ Otitis media ◦ Otitis interna (labyrinthitis)

Question 32

Identify the location and explain the function of each of the main components of the human eye.

Question 33

Draw an annotated diagram showing the human eye in cross-section, clearly identifying the following components and listing (using one sentence only) the function of each: ◦ Fibrous tunic ◦ Vascular tunic ◦ Neural tunic ◦ Sclera ◦ Cornea ◦ Ciliary body ◦ Iris ◦ Pupil ◦ Retina ◦ Macula lutea ◦ Optic disc ◦ Fovea ◦ Conjunctiva ◦ Optic nerve ◦ Lens ◦ Suspensory ligaments ◦ Aqueous humor ◦ Vitreous humor

Question 34

Describe the formation of an image on the retina.

Question 35

Describe the formation of an image on the retina. Include in your description an explanation of where, how, and under what conditions each occur at the eye: ◦ The behaviour of light rays upon reaching and moving through the eye (refraction) ◦ Accommodation of the lens ◦ The behaviour of the pupil when focusing (dilation vs. constriction) ◦ Adaptation of the pupil to light intensity (dilation vs. constriction) ◦ Convergence of the eyes

Question 36

Describe the overall distribution and functions of the two main types of photoreceptors in the retina.

Question 37

Specify the two main types of photoreceptors in the retina. Clearly describe and distinguish between these two photoreceptor types by comparing their: ◦ Distribution across the retina ◦ Cellular structure (overall shape and any specialized cell components) ◦ Function in the eye in terms of what type and intensity of light they detect

Question 38

Describe the pathway of the nervous impulses from the photoreceptors of the retina to the brain.

Question 39

Draw an annotated diagram describing in detail the afferent pathways involved in moving information from the photoreceptors of both retinas to neurons in the cortex of the brain. Your diagram should at least include all of these labels: ◦ Left eye ◦ Right eye ◦ Left/right/temporal/nasal visual field ◦ Temporal retina ◦ Nasal retina ◦ Rod ◦ Ganglion cell ◦ Fovea ◦ Cone ◦ Bipolar cell ◦ Optic disc ◦ Optic chiasma ◦ Optic nerve ◦ Optic tract ◦ Primary visual cortex ◦ Optic radiation ◦ Midbrain ◦ Thalamus

Question 40

Explain why the left side of the brain interprets images from the right side of the visual fields, and vice versa.

Question 41

Describe the location, structure and functions of the lacrimal apparatus.

Question 42

Use correct anatomical terms in complete sentences to describe the location of the lacrimal apparatus.

Question 43

Draw an annotated diagram showing the location and function of the lacrimal apparatus.