week 4

Question 1

How has rationalisation had a demise?

Answer 1

Post bureaucratic and post-fordist perspectives

Question 2

what are 3 contemporary examples of rationalisation

Answer 2

‘McDonaldisation’
Cost-cutting models, e.g. value engineering
Panopticon and control, e.g. the call centre

Question 3

what was formed in a time of stable environments

Answer 3

Rationalisation

Question 4

what is contingency theory

Answer 4

no one best way to design an organisation
needs to fit the environment

Question 5

Who said post industrial society?

Answer 5

Bell (1973)

Question 6

Who said liquid modernity?

Answer 6

Bauman (2000)

Question 7

What are the 5 features of a contemporary environment

Answer 7

Fluid, dynamic, changeable, turbulent and uncertain

Question 8

What was described as the 4th Industrial Revolution

Answer 8

the contemporary environment?

Question 9

An organisation’s external environment can be broken down by what?

Answer 9

PESTLE

Question 10

what are examples of fordism

Answer 10

Mass production of homogeneous products
Use of inflexible technologies, such as assembly line
Standardized work routines
Economies of scale, de-skilling and intensification and homogenization of labour
Bureaucratized unions
Unions negotiate uniform wages tied to increases in profits and productivity
Rise in wages, due to unionization, leading to growing demand for mass-produced products
Mass education systems providing mass workers required by industry

Question 11

what are examples of post-fordism

Answer 11

• Specialized products, esp. those high in style & quality
• Shorter production runs due to specialized products
• More flexible production made profitable by new technologies (e.g., computers)
• Workers have more diverse skills, more responsibility, and greater autonomy
• Bureaucratized unions no longer represent the interests of the new, highly differentiated labour force
• Decentralized collective bargaining replaces centralized negotiations
• Relentless pressure to increase productivity and reduce costs
• Centralized welfare state no longer meets the needs (health, educ., welfare) of a diverse population and differentiated, more flexible institutions are required

Question 12

When did fordism in manufacturing start declining?

Answer 12

1980s

Question 13

What is key of Japanese management

Answer 13

Emphasis on shop floor knowledge and innovation

Question 14

In the development of work organisation and employment relationships table what is Neo fordism into post fordism? de-skilling or up-skilling

Answer 14

up-skilling

Question 15

In the development of work organisation and employment relationships table what is craft/artisan into Neo-fordism? de-skilling or up-skilling

Answer 15

de-skilling

Question 16

In the development of work organisation and employment relationships table what is craft/artisan into Taylorism/fordism? de-skilling or up-skilling

Answer 16

de-skilling

Question 17

In the development of work organisation and employment relationships table what is Taylorism/Fordism into post-fordism? de-skilling or up-skilling

Answer 17

up-skilling

Question 18

What are the features of traditional bureaucracy?

Answer 18

rigid, fixed rules and structures & rational control

Question 19

What are matrix structures?

Answer 19

Away from rigid hierarchies and central command

Question 20

What is a key feature of a post-bureaucratic organisation

Answer 20

minimising rules and structures to promote creativity and innovation

Question 21

who said post-bureaucracy employs a horizontal structure with de-centralised power which enables employee empowerment

Answer 21

Clegg

Question 22

what are 4 new emergent organisational types

Answer 22

The boundaryless corporation
The virtual organization
The network enterprise
New internet-based ways of social production (blurring the line between working, living, producing & consuming)

Question 23

what had an increase in computerisation from the 190s onwards?

Answer 23

Rationalisation in the third Industrial Revolution

Question 24

computer power increases…

Answer 24

the control and efficiency of bureaucracy and rational work design

Question 25

computer-controlled flexibility within the manufacturing work flow is an example of

Answer 25

neo-fordism

Question 26

rationalisation in the third Industrial Revolution spread from manufacturing to

Answer 26

service industries

Question 27

what did Ritzer (2011) say was the extension of rationalised techniques from Weber and Taylor onwards

Answer 27

Mcdonaldisation

Question 28

efficiency and control in the fast-food restaurant had 4 key features which were:

Answer 28

Assembly of burgers broken down into small, repetitive, efficiently performed tasks Service encounter: pre-planned, scripted steps Manuals outline most procedures in a restaurant Much management work pre-planned and structured

Question 29

what are the 4 aspects of mcdonaldisation

Answer 29

efficiency, calculability, predictability and control

Question 30

with predictability it included a what settings, product range and employee behaviour

Answer 30

standardised/standard

Question 31

with control in mcdonaldisaion it managed to...

Answer 31

create Autonomy of human workers minimised Replacing human with non-human labour (automation & AI)

Question 32

what did Ritzer say for the Mcdonaldisation of society

Answer 32

the process by which the principles of the fast-food restaurant are dominating more and more sectors of American society and the rest of the world

Question 33

Is McDonalds fordist or neo-fordist

Answer 33

neo-fordist

Question 34

what are 4 other contemporary models of rationalisation

Answer 34

'No frills’ – airlines, hotels ‘Value engineering’ – hotels, e.g. Travelodge Flatpack manufacturing – e.g. Ikea Bar code technology – supermarkets, warehouses…

Question 35

What are the features of the 4th Industrial Revolution

Answer 35

Big data, algorithms, quantified self, flexibility, automation and AI, the gig economy

Question 36

Computer technology facilitates rational techniques to...

Answer 36

Exert increased control and surveillance in organisations

Question 37

what are the features of the panopticon (Bentham)

Answer 37

From direct to internalised control (c.f. bureaucracy and efficient control) Cells around central watchtower Any prisoner can be watched, but does not know exactly when they are being watched Prison design facilitates control and surveillance

Question 38

what does Foucault say about prisons resembling what things in society?

Answer 38

factories, schools, barracks and hospitals

Question 40

The panopticon allows for...

Answer 40

efficient exercise of control

Question 41

division of labour has panoptic principles which do what?

Answer 41

makes individual actions visible

Question 42

computers are an example of organisational panopticons, what do they do to do this?

Answer 42

storage of data and actions of workers

Question 43

what is another way of saying the electronic panopticon

Answer 43

dataveillance

Question 44

what has origins in bureaucracy like for example record keeping?

Answer 44

electronic data

Question 45

what are examples of dataveillance

Answer 45

Traces of computer activity, e.g. emails, websites visited Actions generating computer records, e.g. credit card payments, swipe card entry Data for decisions and control – e.g. credit rating agencies

Question 46

rationalised organisations need to handle large volumes of calls efficiently with what

Answer 46

call centres

Question 47

what are the panoptic aspects of the call centre

Answer 47

physical layout of call centre floor Potential to listen in to operators Call data recorded electronically

Question 48

all organisations require their members to...

Answer 48

comply with rules that constrain their behaviour within certain limits

Question 49

on the behavioural control management control strategies graph, emphasis on employee predictability is high on employee behaviour desired by manager and low on

Answer 49

implied control strategy (manager-directed control)

Question 50

in a gig economy organisation there is time and motion efficiency and control which is what type of rational

Answer 50

Taylorist (rational)

Question 51

in a gig economy organisation there is standard flow line but flexibility which is what type of rational

Answer 51

Neo-fordism

Question 52

fourth Industrial Revolution includes what aspects?

Answer 52

Cyber-physical systems Control through data and algorithms Flexibility - zero-hours contracts

Question 53

Creative, IT and professional in the gig economy, is it cloud or location based?

Answer 53

Cloud

Question 54

Creative, IT and professional in the gig economy, what's an example

Answer 54

upwork, freelancer

Question 55

Household, personal and skilled manual in the gig economy, is it cloud or location based

Answer 55

Location

Question 56

Household, personal and skilled manual in the gig economy, what's an example

Answer 56

hassle, task rabbit, rated people

Question 57

Microtasking and click-work in the gig economy, is it cloud or location based

Answer 57

cloud

Question 58

Microtasking and click-work in the gig economy, what's an example

Answer 58

Amazon mechanical turk, clickworker

Question 59

Driving and delivery in the gig economy, is it cloud or location based?

Answer 59

location

Question 60

driving and delivery in the gig economy, what's an example

Answer 60

uber, deliveroo, über eats, just eat, city sprint, doordash

Question 61

what are the 2 contemporary trends away from rationalism towards flexibility?

Answer 61

post-fordism and post-bureaucracy

Question 62

what are contemporary trends towards intensified rationalisation

Answer 62

neo-fordism, mcdonaldisation and ponopticism