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Head and Neck > Week 4 > Flashcards

Week 4 Flashcards

(59 cards)

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1
Q

Components of cranial nerves

A

General sensory axons
Special sensory axons
Motor axons
Autonomic axons

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2
Q

What part of the nervous system are the cranial nerves a part of

A

Peripheral nervous system

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3
Q

How do cranial nerves differ from spinal nerves

A

Arise at irregular intervals from the CNS

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4
Q

What’s the brainstem

A

Connects the brain to the spinal cord and has 3 parts:
Midbrain
Pons
Medulla

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5
Q

What are cranial nerve nuclei and where are the majority

A

Collections of cell bodies of nerve fibres which make up the cranial nerves
In the brainstem

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6
Q

Describe the route, fibres present and function of the olfactory nerve

A

Route - cell bodies in olfactory nasal mucosa, pass through foramina in cribriform plate, enter olfactory bulb (in contact with frontal lobe of cerebral hemispheres)
Fibres - special sensory
Function - smell

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7
Q

How would you test olfactory nerve function

A

Smelling salts - one nostril at a time

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8
Q

How do the first 2 cranial nerves differ from the rest

A

Anterior extensions of forebrain

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9
Q

What is anosmia and the causes in order of most common

A

Loss of sense of smell
Causes:
URTI
Head injury that fractures the cribriform plate

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10
Q

Describe the route, fibres present and function of the olfactory nerve

A

Route - passes through the optic canal from the retina and crosses over to form the optic chiasm near the pituitary. It then becomes the optic tract.
Fibres - special sensory
Function - vision

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11
Q

How would you test the optic nerve

A

Visual tests and look at pupils

One eye at a time

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12
Q

What can cause lesions of the optic nerve and therefore vision loss

A

Optic neuritis
Pituitary tumours
Stroke
Carotid aneurysm

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13
Q

How can the optic nerve be viewed

A

Fundoscopy

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14
Q

Describe the route, fibres present and function of the oculomotor nerve

A

Route - arises from midbrain, runs in cavernous sinus, goes through the superior orbital fissure
Fibres - Motor and parasympathetic autonomic
Function - motor innervation to (sup, med, inf) recti, inferior oblique and levator palpebrae superioris; constriction of pupil

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15
Q

How can the oculomotor nerve be tested

A

Eye movements
Inspect eyelids and pupils
Pupillary light reflex

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16
Q

What structures are in the cavernous sinus

A 
Internal carotid arteries
Oculomotor nerve
Trochlear nerve 
Ophthalmic nerve 
Maxillary nerve
Abducent nerve
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17
Q

Causes of oculomotor nerve lesions

A

Raised intracranial pressure
Aneurysms
Cavernous sinus thrombosis - clot in cavernous sinus usually from infection spread from skull/face
Diabetes (pupil sparing)

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18
Q

What symptoms arise with oculomotor nerve lesions

A

Diplopia - double vision
Ptosis - dropping eyelid
Dilated pupil

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19
Q

Describe the route, fibres present and function of the trochlear nerve

A

Route - longest route because it arises from the posterior midbrain. Enters the orbit through the superior orbital fissure
Fibres - motor
Function - motor innervation of superior oblique

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20
Q

How can the trochlear nerve be tested

A

Eye movements

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21
Q

Causes of trochlear nerve damage

A

Head injury

Congenital palsies

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22
Q

Symptoms of trochlear nerve damage

A

Diplopia worse on downward gaze

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23
Q

Describe the fibres present and function of the trigeminal nerve

A

Fibres - Motor, autonomic and sensory

Function - mastication and sensory innervation to most of the face

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24
Q

Branches of the trigeminal nerve and where they exit the skull

Study These Flashcards
A

Ophthalmic - superior orbital fissure
Maxillary - foramen rotundum
Mandibular - foramen ovale

25
What does the ophthalmic nerve supply
``` Frontonasal prominence Scalp Forehead Orbit External nose Lacrimal gland (Does corneal reflex) ```
26
What does the maxillary nerve supply
Skin around the upper jaw | Glands of the nose
27
What does the mandibular nerve supply
Motor - muscles of mastication Sensory - side of the head, cheeks, anterior 2/3 tongue, chin, lower lip Autonomic - parotid gland
28
How do you test the trigeminal nerve
Test corneal reflex - involuntary blinking by touching the cornea
29
How can the trigeminal nerve be damaged
Herpes zoster infection Trigeminal neuralgia Trauma
30
Describe the route, fibres present and function of the abducent nerve
Route - runs in the dura mater passes through the cavernous sinus and into the orbit via the superior orbital fissure Fibres - motor Function - in rebates the lateral rectus muscle
31
How do you test the abducent nerve
Eye movements
32
How can the abducent nerve be damaged and how does it present
Raised intracranial pressure (nerve runs underneath surface of pons) Causes diplopia
33
Route of the facial nerve
Runs into the petrous part of the temporal bone and through the internal acoustic meatus. It gives of branches in ear and exits through stylomastoid foramen
34
Fibres present in the facial nerve
Motor, general sensory, special sensory, autonomic (parasympathetic)
35
Motor branches of the facial nerve and their innervation
Temporal - auricularis anterior, superior orbicularis oculi and frontal belly of occipitofrontalis Zygomatic - inferior orbicularis oculi Buccal - buccinator Marginal mandibular - risorius, muscles of lower lip and chin Cervical - platysma
36
Autonomic supply of the facial nerve
Lacrimal gland Submandibular gland Sublingual gland
37
Special sensory supply of the facial nerve
Taste to anterior 2/3 tongue
38
How do you test the facial nerve
Test facial expressions
39
Causes of facial nerve palsy
Bell's palsy - inflammation of nerve at the stylomastoid foramen Temporal bone fracture Parotid tumours
40
Describe the route, fibres present and function of the vestibulotrochlear nerve
Route - emerges at the junction between the medulla and pons, enters internal acoustic meatus, divides into vestibular and cochlear branches Fibres - special sensory Function - hearing and balance
41
How can the vestibulocochlear nerve be damaged and what are the symptoms
``` Acoustic neuroma (a benign brain tumour) Symptoms - hearing loss, tinnitus and vertigo ```
42
Describe the route and fibres present of the glossopharyngeal nerve
Route - exits via the jugular foramen | Fibres - motor, autonomic and sensory
43
Motor innervation of the glossopharyngeal nerve
Stylopharyngeus
44
Special sensory innervation of the glossopharyngeal nerve
Taste to the posterior 1/3 tongue
45
General sensory innervation of the glossopharyngeal nerve
Soft palate, tonsils, oropharynx, tympanic cavity, posterior 1/3 tongue, carotid body/sinus
46
Autonomic supply of the glossopharyngeal nerve
Parotid gland
47
How to test the glossopharyngeal nerve
Gag reflex
48
Route of the vagus nerve
Leaves medulla via the jugular foramen and runs in the carotid sheath in the neck
49
Motor innervation of the vagus nerve
Muscles of airways, larynx, soft palate, heart and GI tract
50
Autonomic supply of the vagus nerve
Muscles and glands of the GI tract
51
Sensory innervation of the vagus nerve
Laryngopaharynx Larynx Small part of ear
52
How to test the vagus nerve
Speech Swallow Cough Gag reflex
53
How does the recurrent laryngeal nerve get damaged
Aneurysms of the arch of the aorta Thyroid cancer Larynx cancer Enlarged mediastinal lymph nodes
54
Route of the spinal accessory nerve
Arises from C1-5 and then passes through the foramen magnum and runs in the posterior triangle
55
Function of the spinal accessory nerve
Motor supply to sternocleidomastoid and trapezius
56
How do you test the spinal accessory nerve
Shrug shoulders
57
How does the spinal accessory nerve get damaged
Lymph node biopsy | Cannulation of IJV
58
Describe the route, fibres present and function of the hypoglossal nerve
Route - leaves the medulla via the hypoglossal canal, passes inferomedially to angle of mandible to enter the tongue Fibres - motor Function - innervates all tongue muscles
59
How to test the hypoglossal nerve
Inspect and move tongue (atrophy on affected side)

Head and Neck (6 decks)

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