week 4

Question 1

whist pereptual function

Answer 1

Spatial awareness, temporal awareness and body awareness refines

Question 2

whats praxis function’s

Answer 2

Ideation, process and execution of movements

Question 3

whats neuro-postural control

Answer 3

: Bilateral co-ordination, reflex reactions, musculoskeletal function, postural alignment

Question 4

how can gross motor skills be measured 6-12

Answer 4

• Bruininks-Osteretsky Test of Motor Proficiency – 2
   Movement ABC (co-ordination)
   Peabody Developmental Motor Scales
   Miller Functional Performance Measure(M-Fun)
   Several other scales
   Tools such as these help OTs to discriminate between typical and atypical development i.e. Less than 5 % Movement ABC may indicate DCD

Question 5

what do children with motor challenges prefer

Answer 5

to be sedentary when doing activities

Question 6

fine motor skills 6-12

Answer 6

• Musculoskeletal, neuromotor, postural motor, praxis, cognitive, psychosocial functions and sensory processes
• Hand preference by 6 years
• In-hand manipulation skills proficient in both hands
• Refinement of skill and stability sides of the hand
• Refinement of bilateral hand coordination
• Development of eye-hand coordination in both gross and fine motor tasks

Question 7

hand development and occuapational engagement 6-12

Answer 7

• Basic fine motor skill set for use of tools in daily occupations:
• Self care: cutlery, zippers, shoe laces, toilet paper
• Productivity: handwriting, scissors, pencil case
• Leisure/play: puzzles, cards, computer games, art

Question 8

social emotional language and cognitive skills 6-12

Answer 8

• Self management skills are developed at home and school; packing own lunch box, organising clothes, remembering library book, and controlling emotions and state of arousal in different environment.
• Self control or emotional self regulation is the strongest predicator of academic success.

Question 9

whats helicopter parent

Answer 9

always with them)

Question 10

whats antithesis ‘ idol parent”

Answer 10

Childs perfect

Question 11

whats anxious parent lead to

Answer 11

anxious child

Question 12

if the child sees their parents as important but not themselves

Answer 12

they will be anxious

Question 13

if the child sees themselves as good and parent as bad

Answer 13

they will be avoidant

Question 14

language and cognitive development 6-12

Answer 14

• Related to child’s environment - social exposure, educational opportunities
• Continued development of cognitive functions including attention, memory, perceptual understanding, planning, cognitive self-monitoring
• Build mastery of basic skills in reading, writing, comprehension, mathematics, ICT use
• Develop reciprocal social relationships with peers and adults
• Understands social norms, gestures, use of humour, reads non-verbal communication with variable skill

Question 15

what do developmental theorists allow for ots

Answer 15

• Assists the OT framework & guides our OT practice - Help us to understand ‘typical’ human development
• Used as a basis for understanding a child’s acquisition of functional skills, occupational roles and overall occupational performance
• Allows us to identify missing or delayed occupational roles, occupational areas & occupational components
• Provide stages or ‘markers’ of progress against which a child can be compared and their strengths, limitations & delays identified

Question 16

whats concepts of play

Answer 16

1. Intrinsic motivation
2. Focus on means rather than ends
3. Person-centred rather than object-centred
4. Relation to instrumental behaviours
5. Freedom from externally imposed rules
6. Active engagement

Question 17

benefits of play skills developed

Answer 17

• Flexibility in thinking
• Adaptability
• Learning
• Problem solving
• Exploring and gaining a sense of mastery over one’s environment – self-efficacy
• Language acquisition
• Integrating of information from the environment
• Development in social, intellectual, emotional and physical abilities

Question 18

why is play so important in Occupation Therapy

Answer 18

• Play is an integral part of a healthy lifestyle
• CMOP-E – dynamic interaction at each level of the model
• Primary occupation in childhood and is lifelong
• Contributor to occupational performance components
• Influences and is influenced by aspects of the environment
• Contributes to the spiritual component of the child

Question 19

waist the four classical theories of play

Answer 19

1. Surplus Energy Theory
2. Recreation or Relaxation Theory
3. Pre-exercise Theory
4. Recapitulation Theory

Question 20

whats the modern arousal modulation theories of play

Answer 20

• Play associated with exploration
• Play has a role in the manipulation or arousal state within an organism
• When faced with high levels of environmental stimulation a child will explore in an attempt to reduce level of arousal.
• “what can I do with this object?”

Question 21

whats the modern psychodynamic theories of play

Answer 21

• Attempt to explain the role of play in the emotional development of children
• Wish fulfilment eg to be someone else
• Mastery of traumatic events
• Children can successfully deal with anxieties and uncertainty, leading to ability to master reality.

Question 22

whats the modern cognitive developmental theories of play

Answer 22

• Play as a voluntary activity
• Children interact with object/toys that are under their control
• Play is a c cognitive process & contributes to cognitive development including problem solving, creativity, flexibility, adaptability & cognitively guided motor behaviour
• Preparation for the demands of adulthood
• Three types of games corresponding to stages of cognitive development:
  1. Practice Games (0-2 years) doing of actions purely for the pleasure of practicing them, sensory-motor play, exploration of sensations and movements (eg. hands in paint, banging a rattle)
  2. Symbolic Games (2 years+) imaginative element, involve make believe and pretend, abstract problem solving & language development (eg. using box as bed/car/table)
  3. Games with Rules (7-11 years+) explicit rules socially constructed & abided by in cooperative play of 2+ individuals, agent of socialisation (eg. hopscotch, poison ball

Question 23

whats the modern socio- cutrlal theories of play

Answer 23

• Explore the relationship of play with culture
• Play as socialisation
• Play as communication
• Play as an essential life skill
• Play reflects and interprets culture as seen through the eyes of a child

Question 24

whats the occupational therapy theories of play

Answer 24

• Combination of all theories
• Play has an organising effect upon behaviour
• Play is a way of learning
• Play is the primary vehicle for cultivation of skills, rules, abilities, interests and habits
• Skills of decision making and risk taking are particularly important outcomes of play contributing to later occupational choice and work performance
• “Play is the antecedent preparation area for work”
• Play as an Occupation
• Play as a Productive Role
• The Primary Occupational Role of the infant and young child is “PLAYER”

Question 25

whats play epochs:: takata (1974)

Answer 25

• Taxonomy of developmental phases of childhood play
• Describes changes in the observable structure of children’s play
• Sensory-Motor: 0 – 2 years
• Symbolic & Simple Construction: 2 – 4 years
• Dramatic, Complex Constructive, Pre-Game: 4 – 7 years
• Game: 7 – 12 years
• Recreational: 12+ years

Question 26

bundys model of playfulness

Answer 26

• OT’s “make a living by creating ‘play’ and by enabling others to play” (Bundy, 1991 p.48)
• Bundy believes PLAY must be taken seriously  Model of Playfulness, Test of Playfulness (ToP)
• Play as an Occupation
  Play as an important tool and intervention
• Play activities are freely chosen therefore the purest expressions of who we are as persons
• Playfulness is determined by:
  1. Internal perception of control
  2. Intrinsic source of motivation
  3. Freedom to suspend reality

Question 27

stagnate: sequence of pretend play development

Answer 27

• Play is a process & this play process is important
• Examines the importance of pretend play to child development
• Encompasses 2 aspects of pretend play ability:
• Symbolic play: object substitution of 1 object for another; Use of symbolic action to represent a property; Substitution of a symbolic action to refer to an absent object or action (eg. uses a box as bed/car/table)
• Conventional Imaginative play: child pretends with conventional toys (eg. doll goes to sleep)

Question 28

whats the symbolic and imaginative play checklist

Answer 28

Covers ages 0-5 years & represents typical development 
Checklist covers the areas of; 
-	Pre-imaginary play
-	Play themes
-	Sequences of play actions 
-	Object substitution
-	Social interaction
-	Independent role play
-	Doll/teddy play

Question 29

whats the child initiated pretend play assessment

Answer 29

measures cognitive play skills & self-initiation of play in 3-7 year old children

Question 30

whats the stages of the devellpoemt of social play

Answer 30

solitary play (0-1)
onlooker play (1-2)
parallel play (2-3)
associative play (4-5)
cooperative play (5-6
formal games (6-7)

Question 31

static visual acuity

Answer 31

: clarity in which people see stationary objects when they are alos stationary.

Question 32

finder dexterity

Answer 32

abilty to make precisely coordinated movemnts of the fingers of one or both hands to manipulate very small objects

Question 33

coincidence anticipation timing

Answer 33

the abilty to timea movememtn in response to another moving object.

Question 34

kinaesthetic perception

Answer 34

the interpretation of information regarding the relative position of the body parts to each other, the position of the body in space and an awareness of the body movemetns.

Question 35

spatial awareness

Answer 35

the process through people become aware of relative positions of their own bodies and objects around them.

Question 36

social competence

Answer 36

smooth, sequential appropriate use of social skills likehumor, reading nonverbal behaviour and understanding social converstaiotns.

Question 37

virtual digital play

Answer 37

: play involving digital technologies activity that is chosen as a form of lesiure.