Week 4 Flashcards
(51 cards)
Three Layers of Social Behavior
Universal
- the human nature
- universal values
- commonly shared world review
Cultural
- human rely on culture i.e. extrasomatic means adaptiation for survival –> eskimo
Personal
- individual biography and genetic predisposition form our personality
- having the same cultural roots does not mean that one is identical in his/her behavior
- every person is unique
Culture at two levels
- psychological level
- Focuses on internalized norms, attitudes, values and behaviors of individuals from a particular culture - the institutional level
- National or group culture embodied in institutions (i.e. government, education, economic institutions, & business organizations).
Commerce and government
are secondary, not primary institutions. They are derivative of the culture, not the progenitors of it
Cross-Cultural competence is beeing?
is beeing SMART not beeing nice
stereotyping
- a common but oversimplified and fixed image or idea of a particular type of person or thing
- tendency to group things together
- often unconcious and in line with our own cultural programming
- tend to exaggerate similarities of things with the same group and fifferences between groups
why do we stereotype
- cognitive economy
- in - group favorability bias
Cognitive Economy
Efficient categorization
- negates the need to re assess specific situations
Predictive ability
- assumes knowledge
of how an “other” group will act, behave, respond, etc.
In Group Favorability Bias
Social identity
- a person’s sense of who they are based on their group membership
Group membership
- source of pride and self esteem, source of sense of belonging
Group identity
has emotional significance as a source of self-identification, self-esteem, and belonging
competition and hostility
between groups results from competing for resources, and also as the result of competing identities
pygmalion effect
Higher expectations (positive prejudice) lead to increased performance
Golem effect
Lower expectations (biased, prejudice, etc.) lead to decreased performance
Stereotypes
Categorizing all members of a group as having the same characteristics
Selective and inflexible perception
Observations are subjective, judgmental
Clichés
not open for new infromation
Generalizations
Categorizing many members of a group as having similar characteristic tendencies
Flexible perception
Observations are neutral, objective
Tendencies
open for new informations
Cultural Frameworks
- Hofstede Cultural Dimension
- GLOBE Studies
- Lewis Model
- Kluckhohn Strodtbeck Framework
- Trompenaars & Hampden Turner Cultural Dimensions
Hofstede Cultural Dimensions
Culture’s consequences:
- Comparing values, behaviors, institutions and organizations across nations by Geert Hofstede 2001
GLOBE Studies
Culture, Leadership, and Organizations:
The GLOBE Study of 62 Societies by Robert J House, Paul J. Hanges, Mansour Javidan , Peter W. Dorfman, Vipin Gupta, 2004
Lewis Model
When Cultures Collide, Managing Successfully Across Cultures by Richard D. Lewis, 1996
Kluckhohn Strodtbeck Framework
Variations in Value
Orientations by Florence Kluckholn and Fred L. Strodtbeck , 1961
Trompenaars & Hampden Turner Cultural Dimensions :
Riding the waves of culture: Understanding cultural diversity in business by FonsTrompenaars , & Charles Hampden Turner, 1998
Hofstede
Individualism vs. Collectivism
power distance index
Masculinity vs. femininity
uncertainty avoidance index
long term orientation vs. short term orientation
indulgence vs. restraint
GLOBE Studies
- Uncertainty avoidance
- Power distance
- In group collectivism
- Institutional collectivism
- Gender Equalitarianism
- Assertiveness
- Future Orientation
- Performance Orientation
- Human Orientation
the world according to lews
linera-active
- talsk half the time
- does one thing at a time
multi-active
- talkes most of the time
- does several things at once
reactive
- listens most of the time
- reacts to partner’s action
Kluckhohn Strodtbeck Framework
This framework compares cultures by answering the following six questions:
- Do people believe that their environment controls them, that they control the environment, or that they are part of nature?
- Do people focus on past events, on the present, or on the future implications of their actions?
- Are people easily controlled and not to be trusted, or can they be trusted to act freely and responsibly?
- Do people desire accomplishments in life, carefree lives, or spiritual and contemplative lives?
- Do people believe that individuals or groups are responsible for each person’s welfare?
- Do people prefer to conduct most activities in private or in public?
