Week 4: Group leadership Flashcards
(58 cards)
1
Q
What are 3 leadership theories?
A
- trait theory
- situational theory
- functional theory
2
Q
What is “trait theory” for leadership?
A
individuals do or do not possess natural leadership traits (are you born to lead or nah)
3
Q
what is “situational theory” for leadership?
A
individual leadership style is suitable to a SITUATION or TYPE of Group
4 categories of leader behaviour
3 stles emerge from it (autocratic, democratic, laissez-faire)
4
Q
What are the 4 categories of leader behaviour within “situational theory” for leadership?
A
- Telling/directing (instruct what to do)
- Selling/coaching (try to be convincing)
- participating/supporting (good role model through activity participation)
- delegating (assigning things)
5
Q
What is “functional theory” of leadership?
A
leader emerges in naturally occurring groups out of necessity, usually based upon the needs
leadership can be distributed so that the right skills are matched with specific tasks (“divide and conquer”)
6
Q
What are the member characteristics of “directive/autocratic” leadership styles within OT context?
A
- cognitive level : LOW
- Insight capacity: MINIMAL
- Group Maturity: IMMATURE
- Verbal skills: POOR
- Motivation : LOW
7
Q
What are the activity characteristics of “directive/autocratic” leadership styles within OT context?
A
- Structure: therapist selects activity
- goals: accomplish task
- instruction: OT demonstrates/teaches
- group maintenance roles: mostly done by OT
- feedback: given by OT
8
Q
What are the member characteristics of “Facilitative/democratic” leadership styles within OT context?
A
- cognitive level : MEDIUM-HIGH
- Insight capacity: FAIR-GOOD
- Group Maturity: MEDIUM-HIGH
- Verbal skills: AVERAGE
- Motivation : MEDIUM
9
Q
What are the activity characteristics of “Facilitative/democratic” leadership styles within OT context?
A
- Structure: therapist and members selects activity
- goals: learn skill from experience
- instruction: OT and members teach process
- group maintenance roles: members share in leadership
- feedback: members encouraged to give feedback to each other
10
Q
What are the member characteristics of “advisor/laissez-faire” leadership styles within OT context?
A
- cognitive level : HIGH
- Insight capacity: VERY GOOD
- Group Maturity: MATURE
- Verbal skills: HIGH
- Motivation : HIGH
11
Q
What are the activity characteristics of “advisor/laissez-faire” leadership styles within OT context?
A
- Structure: member selects activity
- goals: understand process
- instruction: members seek advice as needed
- group maintenance roles: members lead themselves
- feedback: natural consequences of the environment
12
Q
As you move from autocratic to democratic to laissez faire, the member characterisitcs start quite low on all levles but then increase each leadership style. true or false
A
true
13
Q
As you move from autocratic to democratic to laissez faire, the activity characteristics start off to be very leader-centred to group member centered. true or false
A
true
14
Q
What is the difference between “task actions” and “maintenance actions” as a leader?
A
Task actions
- keeping info flowing
- organizing
- directing
- ensure others understand their role
- “gate keeper and organizer”
Maintenance actions
- encouraging participation
- relieving tension and disputes
- reinforcing members for their contriubtion
- talking a lot about emotions
- “interpersonal support”
15
Q
What is the role of the leader BEFORE the group?
A
- planning
- scheduling
- selecting members, location, materials and equipment
16
Q
What is the role of leader DURING EARLY STAGES of group?
A
- orienting
- guiding
- setting climate and norms
- clarifying goals and rules
- engaging members
17
Q
What is the role of the leader DURING MIDDLE STAGES of group?
A
- adapting/modifying tasks
- encouraging member roles
- modeling (expected behaviour and activity)
- encouraging
- harmonizing
- giving and receiving feedback
- summarizing
- managing resistance
18
Q
What is the role of the leader DURING LATE STAGE of group?
A
- ensure prep for closure
19
Q
what is the role of the leader throughout ALL stages of group?
A
- reinforce norms
- time keeping
- encouraging participation from all members
- observing participation and roels
20
Q
what is the role of the leader AFTER group?
A
- evaluating
- record keeping
- individual follow up
- future planning
21
Q
What is co-leadership?
A
when there are two leaders teaching together for a group
22
Q
What are the advantages to co-leadership?
A
- mutual support
- increased objectivity
- increased knowledge
- learning from partner
- different roles
23
Q
What are the disadvantages to co-leadership?
A
- splitting of group alliance (one person doesn’t get what they want so they go and ask other leader to see if they can get the answer they want)
- competiton
- confusion for group members
- unequal distribution
24
Q
What are 3 methods of co-leadership?
A
- shared (share responsibilities)
- Leader/Observer
- split responsibility (you have your roles I have mine)
25
In Obrien & Solomon (2022) "Occupational Analysis and group process" Chapter 6, what is the difference between a homogenous vs heterogenous group structure?
Homogenous = all members have similar characteristics and a shared concern or challenge (ex: all members are teens who have been in foster care)
Heterogenous = group membership is mixed in terms of condition, circumstance, and/or demographic (ex: parents with children all ages from infant to adult children)
26
In Obrien & Solomon (2022) "Occupational Analysis and group process" Chapter 6, what is the difference between a open vs closed group structure?
Open = members often heterogeneous, change frequently, diverse abilities, low cohesiveness, focus on autonomous short-term goals associated with general outcomes for specific area
Closed = group leader has greater control over membership to ensure goodness of fit for each member in group (can’t have people coming and going)
27
In Obrien & Solomon (2022) "Occupational Analysis and group process" Chapter 6, what are the advantages and disadvantages to open group structure?
Advantage = decrease demand for attendance, create an atmosphere of control and choice on the part of membership
Disadvantage = creating level of trust among members for overall group cohesion
28
In Obrien & Solomon (2022) "Occupational Analysis and group process" Chapter 6, what are the advantages and disadvantages to closed group structure?
Advantage: more cohesive, can develop relationships overtime, more productive
Disadvantage = potential for group to become stagnant without new ideas and energy being brought in by new members
29
In Obrien & Solomon (2022) "Occupational Analysis and group process" Chapter 6, what is the difference between continous vs time-limited group structure?
Continuous = each group is self-contained and participation in one group is not predicated on having attended the previous group
(ex: coping skills group every Tuesday from 3-4pm that covers same content each time)
Time-limited = closed membership --> once program starts membership remains until the end of program, homogenous membership, length of program is pre-determined
(ex: psychoeducational group for stress management based on CBT FoR within 10 weekly sessions, explicit criteria for members)
30
In Obrien & Solomon (2022) "Occupational Analysis and group process" Chapter 6, what is the difference between rules and norms within a group?
Rules = set the stage for expectations of group related to behaviour and productivity, verbal or written, need to consider: age, expectations, abilities, and overarching goals of the membership
Norms = ways of behaving based on context-specific expectations (influenced by culture, society, politics, etc.) --> can be implicit or explicit
31
What is the difference between explicit and implicit norms?
explicit = clearly specified
implicit = develop overtime and become tacitly agreed upon, can be constructive or destructive (ex: where everyone sits in group based on just knowing where everyone usually sits in meetings)
32
In Obrien & Solomon (2022) "Occupational Analysis and group process" Chapter 6, what is group climate?
- physical and interpersonal environment that influences the group
- includes: physical space, seating, temperature, decorations, noise, mood
33
In Obrien & Solomon (2022) "Occupational Analysis and group process" Chapter 6, what are the 4 types of therapeutic reasoning?
1. scientific
2. interactive
3. conditional
4. pragmatic
34
In Obrien & Solomon (2022) "Occupational Analysis and group process" Chapter 6, what is "scientific reasoning"?
gather evidence and searched literature regarding conditions for which the group is being developed and the best practices
35
In Obrien & Solomon (2022) "Occupational Analysis and group process" Chapter 6, what is "interactive reasoning"?
considers a client's needs and interests with regard to the groups provided
36
In Obrien & Solomon (2022) "Occupational Analysis and group process" Chapter 6, what is "conditional reasoning"?
enables both the practioner and the group member to answer the question "what could the client gain from participating in the group?"
37
In Obrien & Solomon (2022) "Occupational Analysis and group process" Chapter 6, what is "pragmatic reasoning"?
considers what is feasible in the specific practice setting (ex: length of stay, type of group)
38
What is a sociogram?
- helps to examine group communication
- plots the flow of conversation from one group or leader to another
39
In Obrien & Solomon (2022) "Occupational Analysis and group process" Chapter 6, what are the 10 group facilitation techniques used in groups for the leader?
1. monitoring and observing
2. challenging members
3. listening
4. documenting
5. adjusting one's leadership style
6. giving feedback and modelling
7. asking questions
8. communication techniques (restate, paraphrase, reflect, link, summarize)
9, blocking (negative behaviours)
10. resolving conflict
40
In Obrien & Solomon (2022) "Occupational Analysis and group process" Chapter 6, what is the facilitation technique of "monitor and observe"?
Monitor and observe members' behaviours, interactions among members and relations among members
41
In Obrien & Solomon (2022) "Occupational Analysis and group process" Chapter 6, what is the facilitation technique of "challenging members"?
May require group leader to challenge the members in various ways in the group work process
42
In Obrien & Solomon (2022) "Occupational Analysis and group process" Chapter 6, what is the facilitation technique of "listening"?
- Hearing what members say verbally
- Recognizing the message conveyed in their non-verbal body language and actions (change in posture, tone, facial expressions, gestures, where they sit in group, who speaks or not, how and when people respond to one another, etc.)
- occurs at 2 levels
43
In Obrien & Solomon (2022) "Occupational Analysis and group process" Chapter 6, what is the facilitation technique of "documenting"?
- Document observable behaviours (do not judge but state what is observed!)
- Document on progression of goals
44
In Obrien & Solomon (2022) "Occupational Analysis and group process" Chapter 6, what is the facilitation technique of "adjusting one's leadership style"?
just as it says
45
In Obrien & Solomon (2022) "Occupational Analysis and group process" Chapter 6, what is the facilitation technique of "giving feedback and modelling"?
- To provide constructive feedback to others
- Can be group or individual feedback
- Feedback is focused on behaviors and not personal characteristics
- Should be presented using "I" statements
46
In Obrien & Solomon (2022) "Occupational Analysis and group process" Chapter 6, what is the facilitation technique of "asking questions"?
- leader's goal is to facilitate member-to-member interactions as appropriate
- use open-ended questions
47
In Obrien & Solomon (2022) "Occupational Analysis and group process" Chapter 6, what is the facilitation technique of "communication techniques" ?
how to talk to someone
48
What is "restatement" communication technique?
- Leader repeats what the member has said using the same words and syntax
- To let the group members know that you are listening closely
49
What is "paraphrasing" communication technique?
- Says what member said but in the leaders own words
- helpful when members are having a difficult time expressing themselves or gaining clarity on their own situation
- Often presented in the form of a question --> serves to help clarify what the speaker means
50
What is "reflecting" communication technique?
leader's response captures the core message that is being communicated.
Pulls out key facts
51
What is the "linking" communication technique?
- relating what one member of the group has said with another member's concerns, interests, experiences, or previous comments to the group --> reduces feelings of isolations
- Enhances group productivity and members' sense of ownership for group outcomes
- Later in group, it will help the group transition from leader centered to member-centered
52
What is the "summarizing" communication technique?
- strategy a leader uses to clarify that he or she understands what group members are thinking and feeling.
- Can be used as a transition strategy --> help to refocus the group
- brings group members together and voices the common understanding of the group purpose
- has different roles at beginning and end of group session
53
In Obrien & Solomon (2022) "Occupational Analysis and group process" Chapter 6, what is the facilitation technique of "blocking"?
- to manage group's beahviours that could be negative and disruptive or personally attack a member of the group
- can use the situation as a teaching lession
- can be verbal or non verbal (where you position yourself, body language, eye contact)
54
In Obrien & Solomon (2022) "Occupational Analysis and group process" Chapter 6, what is the facilitation technique of "resolving conflict"?
* During conflict resolution, members learn and acquire interpersonal skills with the leaders support and facilitation
should be done INSIDE group with ALL members, not OUTSIDE
55
Conflict in groups is bad and should be avoided. true or false
false! it's apart of the group journey!
56
What are the advantages of group conflict resolution when facilitated by group leader?
- Develop communication skills
- Offers positive experiences of conflict resolution
- Leads to interpersonal awareness and growth
- Builds cohesiveness among members
57
What is a personal disclosure?
when a leader contributes personal information, it is done with the intention to be therapeutic, enhance the group process, and contribute to a group member or members collectively meeting the group goals.
BE MINDFUL WITH HOW MUCH TO DISCLOSE AND WHAT
58
What 3 levels does personal disclosure happen at?
1. The least intimate information is information about past or future feelings, beliefs, and thoughts.
2. Moderately intimate information consists of sharing feelings and thoughts about present events.
3. The most intimate information is shared when a person expresses feelings and thoughts about the person or persons with whom they are speaking
