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Internal Medicine > Week 4- Oncology (pt 1) *need to finish > Flashcards

Week 4- Oncology (pt 1) *need to finish Flashcards

(72 cards)

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1
Q

Refers to a large group of diseases characterized by uncontrolled cell proliferation and spread of abnormal cells

A

Cancer

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2
Q

About ___%-___% of all cancers are genetic, whereas ___% - ____% are related to other (often modifiable) factors

A

5%-10%

90%-95%

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3
Q

Other terms for cancer:

A

-Malignant neoplasm
-Tumor
-Malignancy
-Carcinoma

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4
Q

The process by which normal cells undergo physical and structural changes as they develop to form different tissues of the body

A

Differentiation

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5
Q

These types of cells form different tissues to specialize in different functions

A

Normal cells

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6
Q

Differentiation is altered and may have lost identity with the parent tissue completely in these types of cells

A

Malignant cells

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7
Q

True or false: Less differentiated a tumor becomes, the slower metastasis occurs and the better the prognosis is

A

False

(faster metastasis, worse prognosis)

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8
Q

General term that indicates a disorganization of cells in which an adult cell varies from its normal, size, shape, or organization

A

Dysplasia

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9
Q

What is the first level of dysplasia?

A

Metaplasia

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10
Q

Reversible and benign but abnormal change in which one adult cell changes from one type to another

A

Metaplasia

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11
Q

Loss of cellular differentiation

A

Anaplasia

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12
Q

The most advanced form of metaplasia and is considered the hallmark feature of malignant disease

A

Anaplasia

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13
Q

The increased number of cells in tissue that results in increased tissue mass

A

Hyperplasia

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14
Q

The increase in cell mass due to tumor formation and is an abnormal process

A

Neoplastic hyperplasia

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15
Q

An abnormal new growth of tissue that serves no useful purpose and may harm the host organism by competing for vital blood supply and nutrients

A

Tumors

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16
Q

Classification of tumors

A

-Benign or malignant
-Primary or secondary

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17
Q

True or false: A primary tumor arises from cells that are normally local to the given structure

A

True

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18
Q

True or false: A secondary tumor arises from cells that have metastasized from another part of the body

A

True

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19
Q

According to the CDC, ______ is #2 as a leading death

A

Cancer

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20
Q

A localized, preinvasive, and possibly premalignant tumor or epithelial tissue

A

Carcinoma in situ

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21
Q

Carcinoma in situ tumors are contained within the ____________ and have not broken through the ______________.

A

Host organ

Basement membrane

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22
Q

A neoplasm can be classified on the basis of…

A

Cell type
Tissue of origin
Degree of differentiation
Anatomic site
Benign/malignant

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23
Q

When tumors are classified by cell type they are named according to the __________.

A

Tissue from which they arise

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24
Q

Five major classifications of normal body tissue:

A

Epithelial
Connective and muscle
Nerve
Lymphoid
Hematopoietic

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25
The process of describing the extent of disease at the time of diagnosis to aid treatment planning, predict clinical outcome, and compare the results of different treatment approaches
Staging
26
Stage of carcinoma in situ
Stage 0
27
Early stage, cancer is localized to primary organ
Stage I
28
Increased risk of regional spread because of tumor size or grade
Stage II
29
Local cancer has spread regionally but may not be disseminated to distant regions
Stage III
30
Cancer has spread and disseminated to distant sites
Stage IV
31
What does the stage of disease reflect on?
Rate of growth Extent of neoplasms Prognosis
32
What does the TNM system stand for?
Tumor Node Metastases
33
TNM letter that refers to the size of the primary tumor and carries a number from 0-4
T (Tumor)
34
TNM letter that represents regional lymph node involvement and is also ranked from 0-4
N (Node)
35
TNM letter that represents if metastasis has occurred
M (metastasis)
36
Ranking if no metastasis has occurred
M 0
37
Ranking if metastases are present
M 1
38
True or false: Grading of tumor tissue is done by a clinician using different grading for different types of tumors
False (pathologist)
39
True or false: The lower the value, the lower the tumor grade and the better differentiation of tissue within the tumor
True
40
A highly scored/scaled tumor is considered a ________ tumor with poor cellular differentiation and a tendency to metastasize early
High-grade
41
Most commonly diagnosed cancers
Lung Breast Colorectal
42
Most prevalent cancer in the world
Lung cancer
43
This cancer accounts for the largest number of cancer deaths worldwide
Lung
44
Survival rates for cancer are on the rise, increasing from ___% to about ____% over the last ____ years.
50% 67% 30
45
Any person who has been diagnosed with cancer, from the time of diagnoses through the balance of life
Cancer survivor
46
Common male cancer survivor diagnoses
Prostate Colorectal Melanoma
47
Common female cancer survivor diagnoses
Breast Uterine Colorectal
48
Overall incidence of cancer peaked in the early ________s and has declined in the last decade by an average of ___% annually, with a _____% decline in cancer death rates
1990s 1.1% 1.5%
49
Among men, the most common cancers are predicted to be cancers of the:
Prostate Lung and bronchus Colon/rectum
50
Among women, the three most commonly diagnosed cancers are expected to be cancers of the:
Breast Lung and bronchus Colon/rectum
51
Categories of causative agents
Endogenous (genetic) Exogenous (environmental)
52
True or false: Most cancers develop as a result of multiple environmental, viral, and genetic factors working together
True
53
True or false: Environmental and genetic factors can disrupt the immune system and cause failure of an aging immune system to recognize and scavenge the less differentiated cells
True
54
Most common cancers showing a ____________ pattern include prostate, breast, ovarian, and colon cancers
Familial
55
______% of all cancers are caused by one or more of nearly 500 different cancer-causing agents (e.g., tobacco use, viruses, chemical agents, physical agents, drugs, alcohol, hormones)
50%
56
Etiologic agents capable of initiating the malignant transformation of a cell
Carcinogens
57
Risk factors for cancer
-Hereditary -Aging -Lifestyle -Geographic location/environmental variables -Ethnicity -Precancerous lesions -Stress
58
Early in the study of cancer, the concept that neoplasia originates in a single cell by acquired genetic change was proposed and remains today the view of cancer pathogenesis most supported by experimental evidence
Somatic mutation theory
59
The discovery that ______________ is one of the basic mechanisms of tumor cell proliferation laid the foundation of modern cancer cytogenetics (study of chromosomes in cancer)
Chromosomal abberation
60
True or false: Chromosomal changes can include the addition or deletion of entire chromosomes or translocations, deletions, inversions, and insertions of parts of chromosomes
True
61
True or false: Exactly how chromosomal changes contribute to the malignant process are now clear
False (remain unclear)
62
Chromosomal rearrangements may lead to __________ activation
Oncogene
63
Another proposed mechanism suggests that chromosomal changes inactivate a tumor suppressor gene through _________________.
Chromosomal deletion
64
Cancer-causing genes or proto-oncogenes
Oncogenes
65
What can oncogenes do?
Transform normal cells into malignant cells, independently or incorporated with a virus
66
These have the opposite effect of oncogenes
Tumor suppressor genes
67
When activated, _______________ can regulate growth and inhibit carcinogens
Tumor suppressor genes
68
An example of a tumor suppressor gene
p53
69
There are different functional and morphologic cancer cells within a single tumor and a hierarchical order in which the abnormal stem cells form and feed a cancer
Cancer stem cell hypothesis
70
Why do the tumor-initiating stem cells resist chemotherapy and radiation therapy?
Their DNA repair mechanisms are more highly developed
71
The process by which a normal cell undergoes malignant transformation
Carcinogenesis
72
Carcinogenesis involves progressive changes after ___________ or ____________ through the development of hyperplasia, metaplasia, dysplasia, carcinoma in situ, invasive carcinoma, and metastatic carcinoma in that order
Genetic damage Alteration of cellular DNA

Internal Medicine (25 decks)

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