Week 13- Hematologic System *didn't finish

Question 1

The branch of science that studies the form, structure, and function of blood and blood-forming tissues

Answer 1

Hematology

Question 2

The hematologic system is integrated with the ___________ and ___________ systems

Answer 2

-Lymphatic
-Immune

Question 3

Function of hematology

Answer 3

Delivery of these formed elements throughout the body tissues is necessary for cellular metabolism, defense against injury and invading microorganisms, and acid–base balance

Question 4

True or false: Lymph nodes are only part of the lymphatic system

Answer 4

False

(hematopoietic and lymphoid systems)

Question 5

True or false: Disruption of the hematologic system results in circulatory disorders as well as signs and symptoms noted in the hematologic tissues themselves

Answer 5

True

Question 6

The accumulation of excessive fluid within the interstitial tissues or within body cavities

Answer 6

Edema

Question 7

A localized region of necrosis caused by reduction of arterial perfusion below a level required for cell viability

Answer 7

Infarction

Question 8

A solid mass of clotted blood within an intact blood vessel or chamber of the heart

Answer 8

Thrombus

Question 9

A mass of solid, liquid, or gas that moves within a blood vessel to lodge at a site distant from its place of origin

Answer 9

Embolus

Question 10

Lymphedema, or chronic swelling of an area from accumulation of interstitial fluid (edema), occurs in ______________ disorders

Answer 10

Hematolymphatic

Question 11

Occur from trauma of various types and are normal consequences of injury

Answer 11

Bleeding and bruising

Question 12

Occurs when the circulatory system (heart as well as arteries) is unable to maintain adequate pressure in order to perfuse organs

Answer 12

Shock

Question 13

Common clinical signs of shock

Answer 13

-Tachycardia
-Tachypnea
-Cool extremities
-Decreased pulses
-Decreased urine output
-Altered mental status

Question 14

Lymph nodes are typically “_________” in feel, unattached to surrounding tissue (mobile), and small (usually less than 1cm)

Answer 14

Rubbery

Question 15

Enlargement of the spleen and is present in many hematologic diseases

Answer 15

Splenomegaly

Question 16

Although blood composition changes little with age, the percentage of the marrow space occupied by hematopoietic (blood-forming) tissue ____________ progressively

Answer 16

Declines

Question 17

Disorders of erythrocytes

Answer 17

Anemias

Question 18

Disorders of hemostasis

Answer 18

-Von Willebrand Disease (VWD)
-Hemophilia
-Thrombocytopenia

Question 19

A pathologic state or a symptom of many other diseases resulting in a reduction of the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood from an abnormality in the quantity or quality of RBCs

Answer 19

Anemias

Question 20

The underlying pathogenesis of anemias can be _________ and depends on the condition causing the anemia

Answer 20

Multifactorial

Question 21

A number of physiologic compensatory responses to anemia occur, depending on the…

Answer 21

-Rapidity of onset
-Duration of anemia
-Condition of the individual

Question 22

Anemia is classified into three main pathophysiologic states and results from either:

Answer 22

-Excessive blood loss
-Increased destruction of erythrocytes
-Decreased production of erythrocytes

Question 23

Examples of excessive blood loss in PT clinics

Answer 23

-Slow and chronic GI blood loss from medication (aspirin or NSAIDs)
-GI disorder (e.g., peptic and duodenal ulcers, GI cancers, hemorrhoids, diverticulitis, ulcerative colitis, and colon polyps)

Question 24

Occur as a result of congenital or acquired disorders caused by congenital RBC membrane abnormalities, lack of necessary enzymes needed for normal metabolism, autoimmune processes, or infection

Answer 24

Increased destruction of erythrocytes

Question 25

A hormone produced in the kidney that stimulates production and maturation of RBCs

Answer 25

Erythropoietin

Question 26

Nutritional deficiency

Answer 26

Iron, vitamin B12, folate

Question 27

Most dialysis clients respond to erythropoiesis-stimulating agents

Answer 27

Chronic kidney disease

Question 28

Disease production of erythrocytes

Answer 28

-A lack of erythropoietin -A hormone produced in the kidney that stimulates production and maturation of RBCs -An inability of the bone marrow to respond to erythropoietin and make RBCs -Nutritional deficiency -Anemia of chronic disease (ACD), also known as anemia of inflammation -Chronic kidney disease -Bone marrow disorders -Radiation-induced bone marrow failure

Question 29

Signs and symptoms associated with anemia are related to the...

Answer 29

-Severity of anemia -Amount of time over which the erythrocytes were lost

Question 30

Mild clinical manifestations

Answer 30

Minimal and usually vague symptoms (e.g., fatigue)

Question 31

Moderate clinical manifestations

Answer 31

Inability of anemic blood to supply the body tissues with enough oxygen may include weakness, dyspnea on exertion, easy fatigue, pallor, tachycardia, increased angina in people with preexisting heart disease, and, occasionally, koilonychia (spoon nails)

Question 32

SLIDE 18-21

Question 33

Treatment of anemia is directed toward...

Answer 33

-Alleviating or controlling the causes -Relieving the symptoms -Preventing complications

Question 34

True or false: The prognosis for anemia depends on the etiologic factors and potential treatment for the underlying cause

Answer 34

True

Question 35

SLIDE 23

Question 36

The arrest of bleeding after blood vessel injury and involves the interaction among the blood vessel wall, the platelets, and the plasma coagulation proteins

Answer 36

Hemostasis

Question 37

Hemostasis can be split into...

Answer 37

Primary and secondary hemostasis

Question 38

Involves the formation of a platelet plug at the site of vascular injury

Answer 38

Primary hemostasis

Question 39

SLIDE 26-27

Question 40

Thrombocytopenia is a decrease in platelet blood count below ________/µL of blood

Answer 40

150,000

Question 41

Caused by inadequate platelet production from the bone marrow, increased platelet destruction outside the bone marrow, or splenic sequestration

Answer 41

Thrombocytopenia

Question 42

Common causes of thrombocytopenia

Answer 42

Medications and/or supplements

Question 43

Main symptom of thrombocytopenia

Answer 43

Mucosal bleeding

Question 44

Secondary hemostasis is triggered when vascular damage exposes _____________

Answer 44

Tissue factor

Question 45

Normal secondary hemostasis necessitates the presence of ____________

Answer 45

Clotting factors

Question 46

Defects in secondary hemostasis result from clotting factor deficiencies or dysfunction, such as those seen in _____________

Answer 46

Hemophilias A and B

Question 47

Persons with abnormalities in secondary hemostasis tend to have more serious __________, such as deep muscle hematomas and spontaneous hemarthrosis

Answer 47

Bleeding

Question 48

SLIDE 31-32